needetoecreativelyearticulateetheeexperienceseofetheeblackeyoutheofemyegeneration,e comingeofeageeineaeracistesociety”eJohnson,e2012.e
Thiseresearchefocuseseonetheeattemptetoeanalyzeehoweracismeisepresentedeine LintoneKwesieJohnson’sepoeme“InglaneiseaeBitch”eandehowetheepoetedealsewithethee
issue.eIneorderetoeachieveetheegoaleofethisestudy,eIeanalyzeetheeimageryeusedebyethee poetetoefindeoutehowetheeresistanceeagainsteracismeisereflectedeinetheepoem.e
e
B. Problem Formulatione
Ine ordere toe reveale thee resistancee againste racisme ine “Inglane ise ae Bitch”,e Ie formulateetwoeproblemsetoebeeanswered:e
1.e Howeareetheeimagesepresentedeinetheepoem?ee 2.e Howeisetheeresistanceeagainsteracismereflectedethroughetheeimageryeinethee
poem?e e
C. Objectives of the Study
Basede one thee probleme formulatione mentionede above,e theree aree twoe objectiveseofetheestudy.eTheefirsteoneeisetoefindeoutehowetheeimageseareepresentede
inetheepoem.eTheesecondeoneeisetoediscoverehoweresistanceereflectedethroughethee imageries.ee
e
D. Definition of Terms
Toeavoidemisunderstanding,esomeetermseusedeinethiseresearcheareenecessarye toebeeclarified.eTheeterminologiesewillebeeasefollow:e
1. Resistance
Theenouneresistanceemeansedislikeeofeoreoppositionetoeaeplan,eaneidea,eetc.;e refusaletoeobey.eAnotheremeaningeisetheeacteofeusingeforceetoeopposeesomebodyeore
somethinge Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,e 2005:e 1292.e Thee firste definitionefitewithetheefunctioneoferesistanceewhicheAshcroftedescribedeaseaeconcepte
identifyinge anye kinde ofe struggle,e regardlesse ofe modese ore aimse Ashcroft,e 2001:e 20.eInethiseresearch,eIeuseetheefirstedefinitioneoferesistance.e
e
2. Racism
Ine hise essaye “Racee ande Racism”,e Tzvetane Todorove statede thate thee worde “racism”ereferetoetwoedifferentethings.eTheefirsteiseracismecouldebeedesignatedetoe
behavior,eaemanifestationeofehatredeorecontemptetowardseindividualsewithedifferente physicalecharacteristicsefromeoureown;eitealsoecouldebeedesignatedetoeideology,eae
doctrineeconcerningehumaneraceeBack,e2001:e64.eTheefirstedesignationeoferacisme iseusedetoeansweretheeproblemeformulationeofethiseresearch.e
e
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
e Thisechaptereisedividedeintoethreeeparts.eTheefirsteparteisetheerevieweoferelatede
studieseoneLintoneKwesieJohnsonewhichewereetakenefromeessayseaboutehim.eThee seconde parte ise thee reviewe ofe relatede theories,e whiche includee theorye one literarye
elements,e theorye ofe racism,e somee socio-politicale background,e ande somee characteristicse ofe Jamaicane Creole.e Thee thirde parte ofe thise chaptere ise theoreticale
framework,ewhicheexplainsetheeapproacheusedeinethisestudy.e e
A. Review of Related Studies
LintoneKwesieJohnsoneiseknowneforehiseresistanceepoems.eManyeessayseande theseseofehisepoemseareewrittenebyecriticseandestudentsewhoeareeinterestedeinedube
poetry.eHowever,eaccessetoethoseeessayseandetheseseiselimited.eInethiseparteIegiveeae revieweofetheeessayseIecanegetefrometheeinternet.eTheefirsteiseoneeise“LintoneKwesie
Johnson’sepoetryeaseaecollectiveesemantics:eAxeleHonneth’setheoryeoferecognitione ande thee poetice intellectual”e bye Christophe Novake ande thee seconde onee ise “Word,e
SoundeePower:eTheeDubePoetryeofeLintoneKwesieJohnsoneandeJohneAgard”ebye GustavoeJ.eAdrieleSoléefromeUniversitatedeeBarcelona.e
Ine hise essay,e “Lintone Kwesie Johnson’se poetrye ase ae collectivee semantics:e Axele Honneth’se theorye ofe recognitione ande thee poetice intellectual”,e Christophe
Novake usede ae methode ofe textuale analysise aimede toe finde thee intermediarye spacee betweene ane author’se worke ande itse effectse withine thee contexte ofe sociale struggles.e
Novak’secentralehypothesiseis:e Johnson—throughe hise workse ande performances—takese upe thee sociale
functione ase ae certaine kinde ofe Gramsciane intellectuale whilee hise poetrye constitutese ae collectivee semanticse fore thee strugglee ofe non-whitee Britishe
citizenseandetheireoffspringewithineBritishesociety.eByetheseemeans,eJohnsone definesethoseeneglectedebyetheehegemonice’white’eBritishesocietyeandespeakse
onetheirebehalfeNovak,e2009:e2.e Hee latere dividede hise centrale argumente intoe threee parts.e Thee firste onee ise Lintone
Kwesie Johnsone functionse ase intellectuale fore non-whitee ande moldse theme intoe ae groupeofeindividualsesubjectedetoemoraleinjurieselikeedegradationeandeneglect.eThee
seconde onee ise LKJ’se poetrye enforcese ae commonlye sharede understandinge ofe thee underlyingepatternseandesocietalemechanismseresponsibleeforeindividualeviolations.e
This,easeaeconsequence,ecanebeereadeaseaecollectiveesemantics.eTheethirdeoneeisethee logicale result,e LKJe articulatese strategiese toe overcomee thee obstaclese non-whitee
Britonse havee toe facee ande proclaimse sociale organizatione ande resistancee Novak,e 2009:e6.e
Ine thee firste levele whene discussinge hise firste point,e Novake tooke ane examplee frome thee refraine ofe LKJ’se poeme “Forcese ofe Victri”e wheree LKJe usese “we”e
predominantlye toe refere toe Blacke Britons.e Bye quotinge Ashleye Dawson,e Novake statedethatethisepoeme“servesebotheaseaeremembranceeofeblackepeople’sehistoricale
resistanceetoetheeracistestateeandeaseaneactiveeperformanceeofeaecounterehegemonice Blackeaesthetic”eNovak,e2009:e6.eOnetheesecondelevel,eheearguedethateJohnsone
pute forwarde ae broade understandinge ofe thee victimse ofe racism.e Here,e Novake usede
LKJ’se poeme “Newe Crasse Massakah”e ase ane examplee wheree thee worde “we”e ine Johnson’seconcepterefersetoeBlackeBritishepeopleeandestandeineslightecontrastetoethee
Asians.eNonetheless,eaccordingetoeNovak,eLKJementionsethatetheeAsiansealsoehavee similareexperience.e
Ine hise seconde pointe Novake assumede thate Johnson’se workse contributee toe ae sharedeunderstandingeeofeetheeeunderlyingeemechanismseeofeepoliticaleandeesocialee
neglecte e amonge e non-whitee Britons.e e Thise e interpretatione e ofe e individualee experienceseeaseewide-spreadeesocietaleepatterns,eesucheeaseracism,eeiseomnipresent.e
NovaketookeexampleefromeLKJ’sepoeme“NeweCrasseMassakah”eandestatedethatethee interpretationeofetheeattackeasebeingecausedebyeracistemotivationeremainseimplicite
butehighlyevisible.eAnothereexampleeisetakenefrometheepoeme“DreadeInnaeInglan”,e whereeJohnsonecallsetheepoliticianseenduringeoreevenepromotingeracismeanderaciste
violenceebyetheirerealenames.eBesidesetheeidentificationeofetheeenemy–theestate,eitse institutions,e discriminatinge lawse ande provisions–thee thirde aspect,e thee positivee
articulatione ofe ae strategye toe addresse thee obstacle,e comese through.e Thee positivee emphasisetoeholdetheemarchenoteonlyeforemereeamusement,ebuteaseaesymboliceacteofe
resistanceeagainstetheestateecanebee reade aseaestrategice calleforeciviledisobediencee andeactiveeresistanceeNovak,e2009:e8.e
Accordingetoehisethirdepoint,eNovakearguedethateaepossibleecounter-strategye oresolutionetoetheesocietalemechanismseandeproblems,ewhicheareeconsideredetoebee
thee sourcese ofe neglecte ande degradation,e ise verye likelye toe bee intertwinede withe ae collectivee semantics.e Hee continuede thate thise laste aspect,e althoughe note beinge ae
formativeeelementeofeaecollectiveesemanticseinetheenarrowesense,eiseresponsibleefore
theeveryeformeaesocialestruggleetakes.eThiseisetheepointeatewhicheaesocialestrugglee mayeeithereleadetoemoreeandemoreeviolence,eehatredeeandeeprejudiceseeoreebecomesee
aeemovementeemodifyingeetheeemoraleenorms,efoundationseandetheeself-perceptione ofeaenationalesocietyeNovak,e2009:e9.e
Frome thee previouse analysis,e Novake statede thate LKJe putse forwarde variouse strategieserangingefromecounter-violenceetoeciviledisobedience.eTherefore,eiteseemse
clearethateJohnson’sepoliticalepoetryegoesebeyondesimplyecallingetheeevilsethatenon- whiteeBritonsehaveetoefaceebyename,ebuteheeactivelyeputseforwardestrategieseande
solutionse toe overcomee thosee experiencese ofe degradatione ande neglecte Novak,e 2009:10.eNovaketheneconcludedethat:e1eLKJ’sepoemseincludeeandehomogenizee
differentegroupsebyementioningedifferentegroupseBlacks,eAsians,eAfricans,eWeste Indians,ePakistani,ewhicheareeequallyeaffectedebyetheeracismeofetheeBritishesociety.e
2eLKJeputseforwardeaecertaineinterpretationeofespecificeevents,ehighlightingethee underlyinge societale patterne racisme ande politicale mechanismse responsiblee fore
individualeexperienceseofeneglecteandedegradation.e3eJohnsoneproposesepossiblee solutionseandestrategiesetoeovercomeetheseenegativeeexperienceseviolenteandenon-
violente resistance,e protests,e counter-violence.e Bye thesee meanse hee shapede thee knowledgeeabouteetheeesocialeestruggleeeofeenon-whiteeeBritonseeandeehelpedeeinee
creatingeeaeecollectiveeefronteeagainsteracismeandeformseofepoliticaleneglecteNovak,e 2009:e10-11.e
TheenextestudyeisefromeGustavoeJ.eAdrieleSoleeofeUniversitatedeeBarcelonae whoewriteseaeresearchepapereaboutedubepoetryeandeLintoneKwesieJohnson.eInehise
paper,eGustavoeanalyzeseword,esoundeandepowereinedubepoetryeandethenecomparese theepoeteLintoneKwesieJohnsonewitheanotheredubepoeteJohneAgard.ee
GustavoebeginsehiseanalysisebyegivingedefinitioneofedubepoetryeaseChristiane Habekoste definede it:e “ae significante literarye forme withe itse rootse ine politicale ande
reggaeecultureeofeJamaica...”e2008:e1.eGustavoealsoeconfirmsethatedubepoetryeise onee ofe thee moste importante militante voicese ofe Blacke peoplee ande hase itse rootse ine
Africaneoraletraditioneofecombiningespokenewordseandetheesoundseofedrums.eIteise usede ase ae politicale meanse ofe denunciatione ande assertione ofe identity.e Therefore,e
Gustavoe arguese thate dube poetrye ise foundede one threee concepts,e namely:e word,e sound,eandepower.e
Ine hise analysise ofe word,e Gustavoe statede thate spokene worde functionede ase ae vehicleetoetransmitepoliticalethemes.eFurthermore,eheearguedethatedubepoetryeusese
language,einethisecaseepatois,etoeexpresseideaseabouteracism,eequality,ejusticeeande oppressionesoeasetoeavoidethateofeestablishment.e
TheenexteconceptethateGustavoeanalyzedeisesoundeofedubepoetry.eHeestatede thatedubepoetryeiseuniqueebecauseetheeuseseofemusicebyetheepoetsewhenetheyegivee
liveeperformancee2008:e2.eHeementionedethatedubepoetryeoriginatesefromereggaee music.eIteisewhenediscejockeyseDJebeganetoeuseetheeB-side,econtainingethee‘dub’e
ore‘instrumentaleversion’,eofeaesongerecordeasetheebaseeforetheireannouncementeande tellinge ofe jokes.e Latere on,e thee announcemente wase extendede intoe longere storiese
aboutetheeDJ’sedailyelife,eincludingetopicsesucheaselamentationseandesocialeprotest.e
Gustavoe alsoe claimede thate ase Lintone Kwesie Johnson’se albume “Dreade Beate an’e Blood”ewasereleasedeine1978ethenedubepoetryewaseborn.e
Nexte one Gustavo’se analysise ise thee concepte ofe power.e Hee claimede thate thee powereofedubepoetryecaneonlyebeetransmittedethroughetheevoice.eThus,etheemoste
powerfule interpretatione ofe dube poetrye comese ine thee forme ofe livee performancee 2008:e3.eGustavoereasonedethatethisecanehappenebecauseetheepoeteisefaceetoefacee
withehiseaudience.eDubepoetryeisedifferentefromeclassicalepoetry,etheepoetedoesenote readehisepoemebuteperformsetheepoem,edrawingetheerealepowerefromehisevoice.eThee
powereofedubepoetryeisealsoereflectedeonetheeeffectiveewayseinewhicheitetransmitse theepoliticaleaimseofetheepoet.e
Gustavoe thene continuede hise papere comparinge Lintone Kwesie Johnsone ande Johne Agarde startede withe theire background.e Hee comparede thee birthe placee ande
LintoneKwesieJohnsonewaseborneineJamaicaeine1952eandemovedetoeLondonewhene hee wase 11e yearse old.e Ine hise earlye youth,e hee joinede thee Blacke Pantherse toe fighte
againstepoliceebrutalityeanderacism.eLater,eheejoinededifferenteactivistecampaignse committede toe improvinge ande drawinge attentione toe thee Blacke Britishe experiencee
Gustavo,e2008:e3.eOnetheeotherehand,eJohneAgardewaseborneineGuyanaeine1949e whene thee countrye wase stille ae Britishe Colony.e Agarde wase ae journaliste ande ae
newspaperesub-editoreuntileheemovedetoeEnglandeine1977,ewhereeheeworkedeaseae lecturere fore thee Commonwealthe Institute.e Agarde begane toe publishe poetrye ande
children’se bookse ine 1983e whene hee alsoe becamee Poete ine Residencee ate thee BBCe Gustavo,e2008:e3.e
Inehiseanalysis,eGustavoediscoveredethateevenethoughebothepoetseusedepatwa,e JohneAgardeiselesseconsistentewheneitecomesetoewriting,easeheespellsehiselyricsewithe
Standarde Englishe whene hee addressese children,e whilee LKJe constantlye reflectse speecheinehisepoem.eInetermeofetheme,eGustavoementionedethateLKJ’sekeyeconcepte
ise‘dread’,eaetermeLKJeuseetoedescribeetheematerialeconditionseofeblackeBritain,eore ‘Inglan’,e ane existencee suppressede ore marginalizede ine thee consciousnesse ofe
England,eorewhiteeauthority.eJohneAgard,eaccordingetoeGustavo,ehasemoreesubtlee style,efulleofeimageryeandesymbolism,eevenethoughehisethemeseareenotetooedifferente
fromeJohnson’s.e Gustavoe concludede hise analysise bye statinge “dube poetrye continuese toe bee ae
powerfuletooletoeexpresseideologyeandetoedenounceesocialeinjustice,ealthougheitehase adaptedetoetheetimeseandebroadenedeitsehorizons”eGustavo,e2008:e5.eHeeclaimede
thate duee thee powerfule performancee bye Johnsone ande Agard,e ande thee issuese theye explored,edubepoetsehaveesucceededeinereachingeaewideeaudienceeandetheyehavee
becomeepopularewithemanyegenerationseandepublicseofedifferenteraces.eAccordinge toehim,eLintoneKwesieJohnsoneandeJohneAgardeareeauthenticetheetroubadourseofe
theemoderneera.e Whate makese thise researche differente frome bothe relatede studiese reviewede
aboveeisetheescopeeofetheeanalysis.eThiseresearcheisemyeattempteineanalyzingethee useeofelanguageetoecreateeimageryeaseaetooleoferesistanceebyeLintoneKwesieJohnsone
frome thee postcoloniale perspectivee ande findinge thee poete worlde viewe ore reactione towarderacism.e
B. Review of Related Theories