Problem Formulatione Objectives of the Study Review of Related Studies

needetoecreativelyearticulateetheeexperienceseofetheeblackeyoutheofemyegeneration,e comingeofeageeineaeracistesociety”eJohnson,e2012.e Thiseresearchefocuseseonetheeattemptetoeanalyzeehoweracismeisepresentedeine LintoneKwesieJohnson’sepoeme“InglaneiseaeBitch”eandehowetheepoetedealsewithethee issue.eIneorderetoeachieveetheegoaleofethisestudy,eIeanalyzeetheeimageryeusedebyethee poetetoefindeoutehowetheeresistanceeagainsteracismeisereflectedeinetheepoem.e e

B. Problem Formulatione

Ine ordere toe reveale thee resistancee againste racisme ine “Inglane ise ae Bitch”,e Ie formulateetwoeproblemsetoebeeanswered:e 1.e Howeareetheeimagesepresentedeinetheepoem?ee 2.e Howeisetheeresistanceeagainsteracismereflectedethroughetheeimageryeinethee poem?e e

C. Objectives of the Study

Basede one thee probleme formulatione mentionede above,e theree aree twoe objectiveseofetheestudy.eTheefirsteoneeisetoefindeoutehowetheeimageseareepresentede inetheepoem.eTheesecondeoneeisetoediscoverehoweresistanceereflectedethroughethee imageries.ee e

D. Definition of Terms

Toeavoidemisunderstanding,esomeetermseusedeinethiseresearcheareenecessarye toebeeclarified.eTheeterminologiesewillebeeasefollow:e

1. Resistance

Theenouneresistanceemeansedislikeeofeoreoppositionetoeaeplan,eaneidea,eetc.;e refusaletoeobey.eAnotheremeaningeisetheeacteofeusingeforceetoeopposeesomebodyeore somethinge Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,e 2005:e 1292.e Thee firste definitionefitewithetheefunctioneoferesistanceewhicheAshcroftedescribedeaseaeconcepte identifyinge anye kinde ofe struggle,e regardlesse ofe modese ore aimse Ashcroft,e 2001:e 20.eInethiseresearch,eIeuseetheefirstedefinitioneoferesistance.e e

2. Racism

Ine hise essaye “Racee ande Racism”,e Tzvetane Todorove statede thate thee worde “racism”ereferetoetwoedifferentethings.eTheefirsteiseracismecouldebeedesignatedetoe behavior,eaemanifestationeofehatredeorecontemptetowardseindividualsewithedifferente physicalecharacteristicsefromeoureown;eitealsoecouldebeedesignatedetoeideology,eae doctrineeconcerningehumaneraceeBack,e2001:e64.eTheefirstedesignationeoferacisme iseusedetoeansweretheeproblemeformulationeofethiseresearch.e e 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

e Thisechaptereisedividedeintoethreeeparts.eTheefirsteparteisetheerevieweoferelatede studieseoneLintoneKwesieJohnsonewhichewereetakenefromeessayseaboutehim.eThee seconde parte ise thee reviewe ofe relatede theories,e whiche includee theorye one literarye elements,e theorye ofe racism,e somee socio-politicale background,e ande somee characteristicse ofe Jamaicane Creole.e Thee thirde parte ofe thise chaptere ise theoreticale framework,ewhicheexplainsetheeapproacheusedeinethisestudy.e e

A. Review of Related Studies

LintoneKwesieJohnsoneiseknowneforehiseresistanceepoems.eManyeessayseande theseseofehisepoemseareewrittenebyecriticseandestudentsewhoeareeinterestedeinedube poetry.eHowever,eaccessetoethoseeessayseandetheseseiselimited.eInethiseparteIegiveeae revieweofetheeessayseIecanegetefrometheeinternet.eTheefirsteiseoneeise“LintoneKwesie Johnson’sepoetryeaseaecollectiveesemantics:eAxeleHonneth’setheoryeoferecognitione ande thee poetice intellectual”e bye Christophe Novake ande thee seconde onee ise “Word,e SoundeePower:eTheeDubePoetryeofeLintoneKwesieJohnsoneandeJohneAgard”ebye GustavoeJ.eAdrieleSoléefromeUniversitatedeeBarcelona.e Ine hise essay,e “Lintone Kwesie Johnson’se poetrye ase ae collectivee semantics:e Axele Honneth’se theorye ofe recognitione ande thee poetice intellectual”,e Christophe Novake usede ae methode ofe textuale analysise aimede toe finde thee intermediarye spacee betweene ane author’se worke ande itse effectse withine thee contexte ofe sociale struggles.e Novak’secentralehypothesiseis:e Johnson—throughe hise workse ande performances—takese upe thee sociale functione ase ae certaine kinde ofe Gramsciane intellectuale whilee hise poetrye constitutese ae collectivee semanticse fore thee strugglee ofe non-whitee Britishe citizenseandetheireoffspringewithineBritishesociety.eByetheseemeans,eJohnsone definesethoseeneglectedebyetheehegemonice’white’eBritishesocietyeandespeakse onetheirebehalfeNovak,e2009:e2.e Hee latere dividede hise centrale argumente intoe threee parts.e Thee firste onee ise Lintone Kwesie Johnsone functionse ase intellectuale fore non-whitee ande moldse theme intoe ae groupeofeindividualsesubjectedetoemoraleinjurieselikeedegradationeandeneglect.eThee seconde onee ise LKJ’se poetrye enforcese ae commonlye sharede understandinge ofe thee underlyingepatternseandesocietalemechanismseresponsibleeforeindividualeviolations.e This,easeaeconsequence,ecanebeereadeaseaecollectiveesemantics.eTheethirdeoneeisethee logicale result,e LKJe articulatese strategiese toe overcomee thee obstaclese non-whitee Britonse havee toe facee ande proclaimse sociale organizatione ande resistancee Novak,e 2009:e6.e Ine thee firste levele whene discussinge hise firste point,e Novake tooke ane examplee frome thee refraine ofe LKJ’se poeme “Forcese ofe Victri”e wheree LKJe usese “we”e predominantlye toe refere toe Blacke Britons.e Bye quotinge Ashleye Dawson,e Novake statedethatethisepoeme“servesebotheaseaeremembranceeofeblackepeople’sehistoricale resistanceetoetheeracistestateeandeaseaneactiveeperformanceeofeaecounterehegemonice Blackeaesthetic”eNovak,e2009:e6.eOnetheesecondelevel,eheearguedethateJohnsone pute forwarde ae broade understandinge ofe thee victimse ofe racism.e Here,e Novake usede LKJ’se poeme “Newe Crasse Massakah”e ase ane examplee wheree thee worde “we”e ine Johnson’seconcepterefersetoeBlackeBritishepeopleeandestandeineslightecontrastetoethee Asians.eNonetheless,eaccordingetoeNovak,eLKJementionsethatetheeAsiansealsoehavee similareexperience.e Ine hise seconde pointe Novake assumede thate Johnson’se workse contributee toe ae sharedeunderstandingeeofeetheeeunderlyingeemechanismseeofeepoliticaleandeesocialee neglecte e amonge e non-whitee Britons.e e Thise e interpretatione e ofe e individualee experienceseeaseewide-spreadeesocietaleepatterns,eesucheeaseracism,eeiseomnipresent.e NovaketookeexampleefromeLKJ’sepoeme“NeweCrasseMassakah”eandestatedethatethee interpretationeofetheeattackeasebeingecausedebyeracistemotivationeremainseimplicite butehighlyevisible.eAnothereexampleeisetakenefrometheepoeme“DreadeInnaeInglan”,e whereeJohnsonecallsetheepoliticianseenduringeoreevenepromotingeracismeanderaciste violenceebyetheirerealenames.eBesidesetheeidentificationeofetheeenemy–theestate,eitse institutions,e discriminatinge lawse ande provisions–thee thirde aspect,e thee positivee articulatione ofe ae strategye toe addresse thee obstacle,e comese through.e Thee positivee emphasisetoeholdetheemarchenoteonlyeforemereeamusement,ebuteaseaesymboliceacteofe resistanceeagainstetheestateecanebee reade aseaestrategice calleforeciviledisobediencee andeactiveeresistanceeNovak,e2009:e8.e Accordingetoehisethirdepoint,eNovakearguedethateaepossibleecounter-strategye oresolutionetoetheesocietalemechanismseandeproblems,ewhicheareeconsideredetoebee thee sourcese ofe neglecte ande degradation,e ise verye likelye toe bee intertwinede withe ae collectivee semantics.e Hee continuede thate thise laste aspect,e althoughe note beinge ae formativeeelementeofeaecollectiveesemanticseinetheenarrowesense,eiseresponsibleefore theeveryeformeaesocialestruggleetakes.eThiseisetheepointeatewhicheaesocialestrugglee mayeeithereleadetoemoreeandemoreeviolence,eehatredeeandeeprejudiceseeoreebecomesee aeemovementeemodifyingeetheeemoraleenorms,efoundationseandetheeself-perceptione ofeaenationalesocietyeNovak,e2009:e9.e Frome thee previouse analysis,e Novake statede thate LKJe putse forwarde variouse strategieserangingefromecounter-violenceetoeciviledisobedience.eTherefore,eiteseemse clearethateJohnson’sepoliticalepoetryegoesebeyondesimplyecallingetheeevilsethatenon- whiteeBritonsehaveetoefaceebyename,ebuteheeactivelyeputseforwardestrategieseande solutionse toe overcomee thosee experiencese ofe degradatione ande neglecte Novak,e 2009:10.eNovaketheneconcludedethat:e1eLKJ’sepoemseincludeeandehomogenizee differentegroupsebyementioningedifferentegroupseBlacks,eAsians,eAfricans,eWeste Indians,ePakistani,ewhicheareeequallyeaffectedebyetheeracismeofetheeBritishesociety.e 2eLKJeputseforwardeaecertaineinterpretationeofespecificeevents,ehighlightingethee underlyinge societale patterne racisme ande politicale mechanismse responsiblee fore individualeexperienceseofeneglecteandedegradation.e3eJohnsoneproposesepossiblee solutionseandestrategiesetoeovercomeetheseenegativeeexperienceseviolenteandenon- violente resistance,e protests,e counter-violence.e Bye thesee meanse hee shapede thee knowledgeeabouteetheeesocialeestruggleeeofeenon-whiteeeBritonseeandeehelpedeeinee creatingeeaeecollectiveeefronteeagainsteracismeandeformseofepoliticaleneglecteNovak,e 2009:e10-11.e TheenextestudyeisefromeGustavoeJ.eAdrieleSoleeofeUniversitatedeeBarcelonae whoewriteseaeresearchepapereaboutedubepoetryeandeLintoneKwesieJohnson.eInehise paper,eGustavoeanalyzeseword,esoundeandepowereinedubepoetryeandethenecomparese theepoeteLintoneKwesieJohnsonewitheanotheredubepoeteJohneAgard.ee GustavoebeginsehiseanalysisebyegivingedefinitioneofedubepoetryeaseChristiane Habekoste definede it:e “ae significante literarye forme withe itse rootse ine politicale ande reggaeecultureeofeJamaica...”e2008:e1.eGustavoealsoeconfirmsethatedubepoetryeise onee ofe thee moste importante militante voicese ofe Blacke peoplee ande hase itse rootse ine Africaneoraletraditioneofecombiningespokenewordseandetheesoundseofedrums.eIteise usede ase ae politicale meanse ofe denunciatione ande assertione ofe identity.e Therefore,e Gustavoe arguese thate dube poetrye ise foundede one threee concepts,e namely:e word,e sound,eandepower.e Ine hise analysise ofe word,e Gustavoe statede thate spokene worde functionede ase ae vehicleetoetransmitepoliticalethemes.eFurthermore,eheearguedethatedubepoetryeusese language,einethisecaseepatois,etoeexpresseideaseabouteracism,eequality,ejusticeeande oppressionesoeasetoeavoidethateofeestablishment.e TheenexteconceptethateGustavoeanalyzedeisesoundeofedubepoetry.eHeestatede thatedubepoetryeiseuniqueebecauseetheeuseseofemusicebyetheepoetsewhenetheyegivee liveeperformancee2008:e2.eHeementionedethatedubepoetryeoriginatesefromereggaee music.eIteisewhenediscejockeyseDJebeganetoeuseetheeB-side,econtainingethee‘dub’e ore‘instrumentaleversion’,eofeaesongerecordeasetheebaseeforetheireannouncementeande tellinge ofe jokes.e Latere on,e thee announcemente wase extendede intoe longere storiese aboutetheeDJ’sedailyelife,eincludingetopicsesucheaselamentationseandesocialeprotest.e Gustavoe alsoe claimede thate ase Lintone Kwesie Johnson’se albume “Dreade Beate an’e Blood”ewasereleasedeine1978ethenedubepoetryewaseborn.e Nexte one Gustavo’se analysise ise thee concepte ofe power.e Hee claimede thate thee powereofedubepoetryecaneonlyebeetransmittedethroughetheevoice.eThus,etheemoste powerfule interpretatione ofe dube poetrye comese ine thee forme ofe livee performancee 2008:e3.eGustavoereasonedethatethisecanehappenebecauseetheepoeteisefaceetoefacee withehiseaudience.eDubepoetryeisedifferentefromeclassicalepoetry,etheepoetedoesenote readehisepoemebuteperformsetheepoem,edrawingetheerealepowerefromehisevoice.eThee powereofedubepoetryeisealsoereflectedeonetheeeffectiveewayseinewhicheitetransmitse theepoliticaleaimseofetheepoet.e Gustavoe thene continuede hise papere comparinge Lintone Kwesie Johnsone ande Johne Agarde startede withe theire background.e Hee comparede thee birthe placee ande LintoneKwesieJohnsonewaseborneineJamaicaeine1952eandemovedetoeLondonewhene hee wase 11e yearse old.e Ine hise earlye youth,e hee joinede thee Blacke Pantherse toe fighte againstepoliceebrutalityeanderacism.eLater,eheejoinededifferenteactivistecampaignse committede toe improvinge ande drawinge attentione toe thee Blacke Britishe experiencee Gustavo,e2008:e3.eOnetheeotherehand,eJohneAgardewaseborneineGuyanaeine1949e whene thee countrye wase stille ae Britishe Colony.e Agarde wase ae journaliste ande ae newspaperesub-editoreuntileheemovedetoeEnglandeine1977,ewhereeheeworkedeaseae lecturere fore thee Commonwealthe Institute.e Agarde begane toe publishe poetrye ande children’se bookse ine 1983e whene hee alsoe becamee Poete ine Residencee ate thee BBCe Gustavo,e2008:e3.e Inehiseanalysis,eGustavoediscoveredethateevenethoughebothepoetseusedepatwa,e JohneAgardeiselesseconsistentewheneitecomesetoewriting,easeheespellsehiselyricsewithe Standarde Englishe whene hee addressese children,e whilee LKJe constantlye reflectse speecheinehisepoem.eInetermeofetheme,eGustavoementionedethateLKJ’sekeyeconcepte ise‘dread’,eaetermeLKJeuseetoedescribeetheematerialeconditionseofeblackeBritain,eore ‘Inglan’,e ane existencee suppressede ore marginalizede ine thee consciousnesse ofe England,eorewhiteeauthority.eJohneAgard,eaccordingetoeGustavo,ehasemoreesubtlee style,efulleofeimageryeandesymbolism,eevenethoughehisethemeseareenotetooedifferente fromeJohnson’s.e Gustavoe concludede hise analysise bye statinge “dube poetrye continuese toe bee ae powerfuletooletoeexpresseideologyeandetoedenounceesocialeinjustice,ealthougheitehase adaptedetoetheetimeseandebroadenedeitsehorizons”eGustavo,e2008:e5.eHeeclaimede thate duee thee powerfule performancee bye Johnsone ande Agard,e ande thee issuese theye explored,edubepoetsehaveesucceededeinereachingeaewideeaudienceeandetheyehavee becomeepopularewithemanyegenerationseandepublicseofedifferenteraces.eAccordinge toehim,eLintoneKwesieJohnsoneandeJohneAgardeareeauthenticetheetroubadourseofe theemoderneera.e Whate makese thise researche differente frome bothe relatede studiese reviewede aboveeisetheescopeeofetheeanalysis.eThiseresearcheisemyeattempteineanalyzingethee useeofelanguageetoecreateeimageryeaseaetooleoferesistanceebyeLintoneKwesieJohnsone frome thee postcoloniale perspectivee ande findinge thee poete worlde viewe ore reactione towarderacism.e

B. Review of Related Theories