13 productively. Seventh is learning as an enjoyable activity. Learning is conducted
in an enjoyable situation.
c. Teaching Methods Associated with Contextual Teaching and Learning
According to Berns and Erickson 2001 as cited by Komalasari 2010: 23 there are teaching methods to implement Contextual Teaching and Learning as
follows.
1 Problem-Based Learning
According to Bern and Erickson 2001 as cited by Komalasari 2010, problem-based learning is a teaching method that engages students to solve the
problem by connecting and integrating some concepts and skills from any knowledge p. 58. This method includes collecting and constructing the
information, and then presenting the finding. Problem-based learning helps the students build creative thinking. The students are encouraged to identify and seek
the solution to the problem by relating some concept and skill they have learned. Then the students will present their idea toward the problem. Cockrell, Caplow,
and Donalson 2000 as cited by Shamsid 2006 concluded, “Some of the skills the students developed from cooperatively solving problems were a better grasp of
the information, improved critical thinking skills, and the ability to work better with others” p. 16. It becomes the purpose of this method, which is to help the
students develop their thinking and problem solving skills. The problem-based learning method requires the teacher’s role as a
facilitator. The teacher provides real world problems, asks questions as a bridge to help the students solve the problem, and encourages the students to solve the
14 problem on their own. Therefore, the students will be able to use their knowledge
learned in the class to solve problems in other settings.
2 Cooperative Learning
Bern and Erickson 2001 as cited by Komalasari 2010 states that cooperative learning is a teaching method that organizes teaching and learning
activity using small group, so that the students can work together to achieve the learning goals p. 62. The students work together with their friends as a group
consisting of two to four people. The cooperative learning method helps the students increase their success. The students have opportunity to ask each other in
the group when they do not understand the materials. The students can gain feedback from their group members.
According to Slavin 1995 there are three concepts of cooperative learning. First, the students are rewarded as a team but are graded individually.
This method contributes team work. Thus, all of the appreciation goes to the team not individual. However, each member of the team has different level of ability,
knowledge and social skill, thus the teacher will grade the students as individual based on their ability, knowledge, and their contribution to the team. Second, the
team’s success is not conditionally based on the individual performance of one student. All students must help each other to achieve learning goals. Third, all
students are expected to improve based on their own previous performance. Thus, the teacher encourages the students to do their best.
15
d. Components of Contextual Teaching and Learning
