through the veil the visible to what the visible supposedly secretes and embodies, capturing that distilled essence and saturating language in it 1996: 82. We can
say that by using this representation we can reveal the unseen from the seen in the text to get the real meaning in it.
C. Review on Socio-Cultural Historical Background of French in the Eighteenth Century
1. Religion
In A History of Freedom of Thought, Bury stated that until 1676 the French Protestant Huguenots were tolerated; for the next hundred years they
were outlaws 1952: 84. Will and Durant in the book The Age of Louis XIV: The Story of Civilization Part VIII
mentioned that in 1666 the Huguenots were forbidden to establish new colleges, or to maintain academies for the education of
the young nobility. On October 17, 1685, the King revoked the Edict of Nantes as unnecessary, since in France was almost entirely Catholic. All Huguenots
conventicles were to be destroyed or transformed forbidden. Some 400,000 “converts” were forced to attend Mass and receive the Eucharist; a few who spat
out the consecrated wafers when they left the church were condemned to be burned alive 1963: 71-73.
In A Survey of European Civilization, Bruun stated that the last of 17
th
century Louis XIV’s desire to see all Frenchmen orthodox Catholics were not inspired by zeal for Rome. During most of his reign he was on hostile terms with
the papacy. However, he believed that to be one hundred per cent French and one 15
hundred per cent royalist, a subject must share the religion of his king. His
conviction that to be orthodox was to be disloyal-a conviction, be it noted, that often had some foundation-goes far to explain why Louis persecuted both the
Jansenists and the Huguenots 1942: 654. The poorer Huguenots, who could not afford to flee, took up arms in defense of their faith and defied from their fastness
in the Cevennes all royal efforts to crush them 1942: 655. Meanwhile, McKay, Hill and Buckler in the book A History of World
Societies stated that the most important and original idea of the Enlightenment
was that the methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life. Nothing was to be accepted on faith. Everything was
to be submitted to the rational, critical, “scientific” way of thinking 1984: 799. By the death of Louis XIV in 1715, many of the ideas that would soon coalesce
into the new world-view had been assembled. Yet, Christian Europe was still strongly attached to its traditional beliefs, as witnesses by the powerful revival of
religious orthodoxy in the first half of the eighteenth century 1984: 802. Science and the industrial arts were exalted, religion and immortality questioned.
Intolerance, legal justice, and out-of-date social institutions were openly criticized 1984: 805. The philosophers hated all forms of religious intolerance. Simple
piety and human kindness-the love of God and the golden rule-were religion enough 1984: 805.
16 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2. Political Condition
