Literature Review LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Literature Review

There are several studies that had been conducted by the previous graduated students in terms of Politeness. These studies supported on the analysis of politeness. Some analyses concerned to this study are described as follows: Lola on thesis 2009 entitled “The Analysis of politeness in Language Function In The “Elizabeth The Golden Age” Movie”. This study aims to analyze and discusses about the polite expression in terms of language function and factors that influence the politeness in the Elizabeth the Golden Age. The data was analyzed based on the theory of politeness, which proposed by Holmes 1992 and Wardhaugh 1986. The difference of this study with my own study is this study also analyzed the factor that influences politeness. But this study does not explain about the strategies of politeness that use in the Elizabeth the Golden Age. Mustain 2011 on thesis entitled “Speech Function and Politeness in Indonesian Communication ”. In this study, the writer starts the discussion from the speech function and then goes to the one on politeness theories in communication. The strength of this study is the writer discussion and explains several types of speech function provided with Indonesian language examples. The theory that used by the writer is the theory by Gricean maxims. The writer only discusses how politeness is achieved in Indonesian language communication. He does not discuss about the strategies of politeness. Dewi on thesis 2008 entitled “The use of The Negative Politeness Strategies by The Master of Ceremony ”. In this study aimed to know the types of negative politeness strategies used by the master of ceremony and to recognize the factors back grounding the MCs applying those strategies. The data were analyzed based on the theory of politeness proposed by Brown and Levinson 1978. The strength of this study is in this study, the writer also analyzed the factor of how the MCs applying negative politeness strategies. But this study does not explain the reason why the MCs using negative politeness. Codreanu‟s article entitled “Politeness in Requests: Some Research Findings Relevant for Intercultural Encounters ” from An International Dresmara journal is worth reviewing, the major aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between indirectness and politeness in requests. The research project supporting the findings of the paper was undertaken in order to find out to what extent politeness and indirectness are viewed as overlapping or mutually excluding categories by Romanians compared to other nationalities, such as the British and the Hebrew. Another inherent goal of the paper is to provide an example of the socio linguistics instruments that can be employed in the investigation of the differences and similarities likely to emerge in intercultural encounters. Thus, we believe that only through similar research undertaken in the fields contributing to the emerging field of interculturality one can actually trespass the theoretical assumptions and move on to the identification of the right tools and means through which intercultural discourse to be approached at a pragmatic level and thus better understood and taught in educational establishments. If compared with this study, the strength of her study is on the analysis of the relationship between indirectness and politeness. Her study supports this study on the analysis of politeness. Shoshana‟s article entitled “Indirectness and Politeness in Requests: Same or Different?” from Journal of Pragmatic 11 aims to re-examine the notions of indirectness and politeness as applied to requests. It is argued that contrary to current theories of politeness the two notions do not represent parallel demensions; indirectness does not necessarily imply politeness, The relationship between the two was examined in a series of experiments designed to tap native speak ers‟perceptions of politeness and indirectness in Hebrew and English. The results indicate that the two notions are perceived as different from each other: The most indirect request strategies were not judged as the most polite. The strategies rated as the most polite, on a scale of politeness, were conventional indirect requests „on record ‟indirectness; the strategies rated as the most indirect, on a scale of indirectness, were. hints used fom requests „off record‟ indirectness. These results are interpreted in the framework of a suggested model for politeness. The thrust of the argument is that a certain adherence to the pragmatic clarity of the message is an essential part of politeness. Politeness is defined as the interactional balance achieved between two needs: The need for pragmatic clarity and the need to avoid coerciveness. This balance is achieved in the case of conventional indirectness, which indeed received the highest ratings for politeness. Tipping the balance in favor of either pragmatic clarity or non-coerciveness will decrease politeness; thus, direct strategies can be perceived as impolite because they indicate a lack of concern with face, and non- conventional indirect strategies hints can be perceived as impolite because they indicate a lack of concern for pragmatic clarity. The strength of her study if compared with this study is she analyze the indirectness. Her study support this study on analyzing the politeness. Overall, all the studies described above have different data that analyzed although some studies used the same theory to identify the data. The strength and weaknesses found will support the study, the differences of each study will used as references to make this research reliable.

2.2 Concepts