7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the general explanation of theoretical framework. It covers the justification of listening skill that consists of concepts, processes,
factors and problems; the language laboratory that consist of concepts, model, function, problems, and advantages and disadvantages; the teaching of listening
consist of teaching listening in general and teaching listening with language laboratory, the relevant study, the conceptual framework, and the last is the
hypothesis.
A. Listening Skill
1. Concepts of Listening
Human language makes a special kind of sound and is produced in the means of communication. To communicate well enough, one should have capability to
listen to the sound. This ability is certainly the most fundamental of the four language skills which is one can hear sound through their ear as hearing and
without doubt as listening. In education, it is important to know the difference between the two words of
hearing and listening, and before stepping any further to next discussion let examine first about the two definitions.
Listening in language teaching, according to Michael Rost, refers to a unique complex process that allows the listener to understand spoken language by
employing pacing, units of encoding, and pausing factually.
1
1
Michael Rost, ―Listening‖, in Ronald Carter and David Nunan, The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers to Other Languages, Cambridge, Cambridge University press,
2001, p. 7.
Rost also suggests that ―listening is integration of the component skill such as
recognizing word, discriminating sounds, recalling important word and ideas and so on. It is an active process requiring participation on the part of the listening
‖.
2
To differentiate between the two words, Zaremba points out that listening and hearing are two fundamentally different processes
3
. According to him there are three significant distinctions between the two activities, and hence make clearable
distinction between listening and hearing; Listening is kind of behavior which is involve effort, physical phenomenon and sporadic activity, while hearing is
passively listen to sound that most people were able to without employ any skills.
4
Listening is primarily has different meaning from hearing, listening is always an active process, while hearing can be considered as passive condition.
5
This also differentiate hearing and listening because this process constructs comprehensible
input in three ways: firstly, speech is encoded in the form of sound; secondly, it is linear and takes place in real time, with no change of review, and thirdly, it is
linguistically different from written language.
6
From those perspectives, hearing means the ability to hear sounds with less attention to get the meaning because hearing is only taking in sounds without any
effort to get the message. The hearer is not intended to pay more attention. It is called passive conditions. Meanwhile, Listening is an effort in recognizing
speaker‘s attention and attitude where the listener must be able to understand and identify relevant information and at the same time getting the words or phrases. It
is process in active conditions.
2
Michael Rost, Listening in Action, Berkeley: Prentice Hall International, Ltd, 1991, p. 2.
3
Alan Jay Zaremba, Speaking Professionally a Concise Guide, Canada: Thomson South- WesternInc, 2006, p. 223.
4
Ibid.
5
Underwood. M, Teaching Listening, Edinburgh: Longman, 1989, p. 2.
6
Garry Buck, Assessing Listening, Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2001, p. 4.
2. Processes of Listening
Kategori