Teaching Technique Theoretical Description

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a discussion on related literature as the theoretical base upon which the research outlined in Chapter 1 is conducted. There are some important discussions of the main variables that are used in this research. Literature review is divided into two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework.

A. Theoretical Description

In theoretical description, the researcher presents six points: 1 Teaching technique, 2 The definition of group work and its characteristics, 3 The definition of presentation and its characteristics, 4 The definition of perception and perceptual process 5 The definition of cooperative learning and its benefits. The second part is theoretical framework.

1. Teaching Technique

In language teaching, there are three levels of conceptualization and organization Anthony, 1963. Those are approach, method and technique. Approach can be said as a set of correlative assumptions. It deals with the nature of subject matter to be taught. Meanwhile, method is procedural plan for the orderly presentation of language material. It can be said that there can be many methods in one approach. Then, a technique is the implementation of classroom 9 procedure. The technique which is implemented in class must be both consistent with a method and in harmony with an approach. Furthermore, Richard and Rodgers 1986 describe that any method in language teaching can be described at the levels of approach, design, and procedure. Approach deals with the theory of the nature of language and language learning. Design deals with a syllabus model, types of learning and teaching activities, learner and teacher roles, and the role of instructional materials. Then, procedure deals with the classroom techniques and practices. At the procedure level, we concern with the tasks and activities in classroom which are used as the basis for teaching and learning. It can be the interactional patterns, tactics, and strategies used by the teachers and learners when the method is being used. Thus, procedure focuses on the way a method handling the presentation, practice, and feedback phases of teaching. In language learning process, the teachers and the students use some techniques, tactics, and strategies which are appropriate with the method. For instance, the teacher uses group work and jigsaw technique which can be applied in cooperative learning method to make the learning process run well. The teacher applies this technique by forming group first. It relates to the basic of cooperative learning in which the students can cooperate and discuss the materials given by the teacher with their group. Furthermore, Gerlach and Ely 1980:16 state that “technique means the procedures and practices used to accomplish teaching objectives, regardless of approach”. Examples of techniques are lecture, discussion, audiovisual 10 presentations, and verbal and written reports prepared by students. Group presentation technique in this research belongs to cooperative learning approach. Group presentation is as the procedure which is in harmony with cooperative learning approach. It could be explained that among the member in group presentation commit to the common purpose and goal.

2. Group Work