b. Displacement
Displacement is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object. People often
use displacement when they cannot express their true feelings in a safe manner to the person they are directed. It means you are transferred your feelings into
something quite harmless or innocent that will not give you revenge because you cannot express your feeling openly to real target Hilgard, Atkinson, Atkinson,
1979: 447. The example of displacement is seen by the experience of Navjeet Sidhu.
Navjeet is one of Indian-Pakistani women who experienced forced marriage. Navjeet is really depressed facing her marriage. She has to care her children and
earn money for the family alone without her husband contribution. In her depression, Navjeet often beats her children. In the top of her depression and
loneliness, Navjeet commits to make a fatal jump by hanging around on the station platform and brought her children Sanghera, 2009:61-62.
c. Denial
Denial is explained as the behavior that refuses to acknowledge certain aspect of reality; refusing to perceive something because it is painful, distressing
or threatening. Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life which they do not wish to admit
Hilgard, Atkinson Atkinson, 1979:442. In other words, denial is an action of
someone who tries to block out disturbing realities by refusing to acknowledge them.
The category of denial is seen by the life experience of Yasmin. Yasmin tells that she is very happy when she is in school. School is the only place that she
cannot see her parents, her parents’ strict rules, and school is the only place where Yasmin can be free.
In the face of all this, Yasmin was the rebel in her family from an early age. She was suspended from her primary school for smoking. ‘School was my
one chance of being naughty. Seven hours in school was all I had and I was going to make the most of it.’ Sanghera, 2009:119.
From the quotation above, it is clearly shown that Yasmin denies her real problem by doing whatever she wants in school. Yasmin cannot be free because Yasmin’s
father is very restrictive at home but in school, she can be free.
d. Rationalization
Rationalization is finding an acceptable excuse for something which is really unacceptable which preserves yourself image or someone close to you.
People who are in rationalization category put something into a different point of view or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the
face of a changing reality Hilgard, Atkinson, Atkinson, 1979:443. The example of rationalization process is also seen in Daughters of Shame.
Robina, one of the major characters in Daughters of Shame accepts forced marriage in order to make her parents satisfy Sanghera, 2009:62. Even forced
marriage is an unacceptable thing for Robina but she still has to receive it in order to not make a shame to people close to her, in this case is her parents.
e. Reaction Formation
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