CHARACTERS REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

5

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The understanding of literary elements can be very helpful in analyzing literary work, for example, novel, drama and poetry. Literary elements can be classified into two categories. They are intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Semi 1998:31 says, “the intrinsic element of a literary work includes elements which establish a literary work inside. The elements are theme, plot, setting character and characterization and figure of speech.” Extrinsic element refers to social condition in a society and psychological condition. In this paper the writer employs one of literary works especially novel to be analyzed. And she will employ several extrinsic elements to analyze the novel, namely mystic.

2.1 CHARACTERS

Character is a human being in the fiction who plays action in the novel. The character does the action like making conversations or doing activities. By understanding there would have been required as a manifestation of the human figure and his life to be told. Karl 1967:238 defines that a character is interest in the very personal reason that we want to see how other people live, how they make decision and react to responsibility, how they pursue their goal. Roberts 1983:54 says, “Character in a literary work is a representation of a human. Specifically, the quality was in him and that determine how humans act in a variety of conditions or attempt to deal with the surrounding environment”. Roberts 1995: 131 says, “As in a life, the figure could be lazy or ambitious, agitates or calm, like fighting or timid, assertive or shy, confident or Universitas Sumatera Utara 6 doubtful, very brave or scared, noisy or quiet, can be trusted or liked to lie, conscientious or careless, unreasonable or irritable, biased or unfair, or fraudulent blunt, winner or loser and so on. The British novelist and critic E.M Forster, in his critical work Aspects of the Novel, calls the two major types “round” and “flat”. The basic trait of round character is that it recognize, change with, or adjust to circumstances. The round character is usually the main figure in a stories profits from experience and undergoes a change or alteration, which may be shown in 1 an action and actions, 2 the realization of new strength and therefore the affirmation of previous decision, 3 the acceptance of a new condition, or 4 the discovery of unrecognized truth. Roberts,1995: 133. Flat characters are minor e.g. relative, acquaintance, functionaries, although not all minor character are necessarily flat. Edgar,1995:134. Oxford Advice Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 2000 say that : 1 All the qualities and features that make a person, groups of people, and places different from others; 2 the way of something is, or a particular quality or feature that a thing, an event or a place has; 3 strong personal qualities such as the ability to deal with difficult or dangerous situations; 4 the interesting or unusual quality that a place or a person has; 5 a person, particularly an unpleasant or strange one; 6 an interesting or unusual person; 7 the opinion of the people that you have, particularly of whether you can be trusted or relied on. Universitas Sumatera Utara 7 The Character 5 and 6 has informal meaning, while number 7 has formal meaning. Maxwell 2001 says, “Character is more than just words, but a choice that brings success. It is not a boon, but built little by little, with our thoughts, words, actions, habits, courage endeavor, and even formed from the difficulties of life”. In National Conference on Character Building, Jakarta 2005, “Character has been defined as the inner disposition conductive to right conduct. It is a person’s collection of attitudes and habits which enable and facilitate moral action. It is the foundation for all activity in the world; every task and every achievement bears the imprint of one character. Moreover, as we shall see, one result of attaining good character is that individuals are able to love others well and become more productive citizens. Good character is thus the foundation for all human endeavors. David 2004:143 says, “the deliberate effort to help people understand, care about, and act upon core ethical values. When we think about the kind of character we want for our children, it is clear that we want them to be able to judge what is right, care deeply about what is right, and then do what they believe to be right, even in the face of pressure from without and temptation from within”. DR. Achmad Husen, M.Pd says, “ karakter merupakan upaya-upaya yang dirancang dan dilaksanakan secara sistematis untuk membantu peserta didik memahami nilai-nilai perilaku manusia yang berhubungan dengan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, diri sendiri, sesama manusia, lingkungan, dan kebangsaan yang terwujud dalam pikiran, sikap, perasaan, perkataan, dan perbuatan berdasarkan norma-norma agama, hukum, tata krama, budaya, dan adat istiadat”. Pendidikan untuk membentuk kepribadian melalui pendidikan budi pekerti, yang hasilnya terlihat dalam tindakan nyata seseorang, yaitu tingkah laku yang baik, jujur Universitas Sumatera Utara 8 bertanggung jawab, menghormati hak orang lain, kerja keras, dan sebagainya Thomas Lickona, 1991.

2.2 CHARACTEROZATION