According to Bygate 1987: 5-8 there are two basic ways in which speaking can be seen as a skill. They are motor perceptive skill and interaction
skill: 1 Motor Perceptive Skill
Motor perceptive skill involves perceiving, recalling and articulating in the correct sounds and structure of the language. These skills cannot be
ignored in speaking. 2 Interaction Skill
Interaction skill covers making decisions about communication, such as what to say, how to say it and how to develop it, in accordance with
one‟s intentions, while maintaining the desired relation with others. In addition to these, interaction skills also involve the ability to use
language in order to satisfy particular demands.
2.2.3 Components of Speaking
According to Brown 2004:172 ,”the following six components of
speaking are generally recognized in analysis of speech process such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, task, and comprehension
.” Because the component of speech process has an important role in
communication, the component of speech process must be completed to make process of communication well. In another side, Ramelan 2003: 22 says that
,” there are two speech features consist of segmental features sound units or
pronunciation and suprasegmental features stress, intonation, pitch, etc .”
Based on the explanation above, I can conclude that in learning speaking, we must consider the component of speech process pronunciation, grammar,
vocabulary, fluency, task, and comprehension and also speech features segmental and suprasegmental features in order to become understandable in
doing communication with others. Understandable in this case means that people
understand what the speakers say depend on the clarity of their sound so the process of communication is able to run successfully.
2.2.4 Basic Types of Speaking
Students can improve their speaking skills through mastery in these types of speaking below. According to Brown 2004:141, there are five basic types of
speaking: 1 Imitative. It is one of types of speaking performance that is the
ability to simply parrot back immitate a word or phrase or possibly a sentence.
2 Intensive. A second type of speaking performance is intensive and it is the oral language that designed to demonstrate competence in a
narrow band of grammatical, phrasal, lexical, or phonological relationships. Example of intensive assessment tasks include directed
response tasks, reading aloud, sentence and dialogue completion; limited picuture - cued tasks including simple sequences; translation
up to the simple sentence level.
3 Responsive. The third type of speaking for performance is responsive. Responsive assessment tasks include interaction and test
comprehension but at the somewhat limited level of very short conversation, standard greetings and small talk, simple requests and
comments, and the like.The stimulus is almost always a spoken prompt, with perhaps only one or two follow up questions or retorts.
4 Interactive. The length and the complexity of the interaction, which sometimes includes multiple participants is the factor that
differentiate between responsive and interactive speaking. Interaction can take the two forms of transactional language, which
has the purpose of exchanging specific information, or interpersonal exchanges, which have the purpose of maintaining social
relationships. In interpersonal exchanges, oral production uses colloquial language, ellipsis, slang, humor, and other sociolinguistic
conventions.
5 Extensive. It includes speeches, oral presentations, and story telling, during which the opportunity for oral interaction from
listeners is either highly limited or ruled out altogether.
Based on the explanation above, I use two of the basic types of speaking which is appropriate with my topic; those are imitative and interactive. I prefer to
use imitative because the method that I use in my topic is community language
learning. Community language learning itself is a method that uses an imitative way in producing sound. I also use interactive assement in my study because it
has the same characteristic with my topic which discusses the way in improving speaking skill especially transactional conversation. The characteristic is that both
of them need interaction and the interaction itself can take in the form of transactional language, which has the purpose of exchanging specific information.
2.2.5 Role of Speaking in Teaching Language
