using CLL. It is focusing on counseling techniques; consequently, a learner is not taught as a student but as a client. Whereas, a teacher has a role as a language
counselor. It is the reason I choose the effectiveness of using CLL to improve students‟ mastery in speaking for transactional conversation as the topic of my
research.
2.2 General Concept of Speaking
2.2.1 Definition of Speaking
According to Glen Flucher 2003:23, “speaking is the verbal of language to communicate with other. It is not easy as people imagine. Most speaking
involves interaction with one or more paticipant and it deals with listening and understanding of how of the participants are feeling and other to do something.”
Whereas, speaking means a skill which deserves attention every bit as much as literary skill, in both first and second languages Bygate, 1987: vii. In other
words, speaking can be defined as an important tool to communicate with other. There is another definition about speaking from Bailey 2005: 48, ” Speaking is a
productive auraloral skill consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning.”
From the definitons above, it can be said that speaking is a skill of a language that is often used by almost people in the world to communicate in
school even in daily life; and the goal of speaking itself is to convey meaning which involves producing, receiving and processing information that can make
both of people understand in making communication. In other words, it can be
said that speaking is an interactive process to deliver information. Without mastering a number of words, grammar, and pronunciation, people can not
communicate easily with others.
2.2.2 Speaking as a Skill
Speaking is an interactive activity using a language done by speakers by combining codes and messages. Speaking in a foreign language itself is more
difficult than speaking in a native language. Many people assume that speaking is the hard skill among listening, writing, and reading skill. That is because speaking
is an interactive activity between two or more people and usually the person you are talking to is waiting for you to speak right away to them.
According to Florez, as quoted by Bailey and Nunan 2005: 2, ”speaking
is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving and processing information.
” The main goal of learning speaking is to enable students to communicate with other people by using English language
being learned. The communication here means to talk to others orally or in the spoken form. It is necessary to pay attention to some aspects like aim, time, and
subject since English structure is quite different from Indonesian one. Bygate 1987:3 states that, “By giving students „speaking practice‟ and
„oral exam‟ we recognize that there is a difference between knowledge about a language, and skill in using it. This distinction between knowledge and skill is
crucial in the teaching of speaking. ” It means that oral test or speaking practice is
an important thing that must be given to the students to test whether or not they can speak fluently.
According to Bygate 1987: 5-8 there are two basic ways in which speaking can be seen as a skill. They are motor perceptive skill and interaction
skill: 1 Motor Perceptive Skill
Motor perceptive skill involves perceiving, recalling and articulating in the correct sounds and structure of the language. These skills cannot be
ignored in speaking. 2 Interaction Skill
Interaction skill covers making decisions about communication, such as what to say, how to say it and how to develop it, in accordance with
one‟s intentions, while maintaining the desired relation with others. In addition to these, interaction skills also involve the ability to use
language in order to satisfy particular demands.
2.2.3 Components of Speaking
