2.7 Theoretical Framework of the Research
Speaking is a skill which has a function as a medium to communicate with others, the skill which can make the students become easy and better in making
communication in the real life. Speaking or making conversation is not as easy as people imagine. Most speaking involved interaction with one or more participants.
This research focuses on speaking field especially speaking for transactional conversation. It intends to improve the students
‟ speaking skills that include six aspects such as grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, pronunciation, and
task. By u sing CLL in my research, I hope student‟s motivation in learning
process of speaking will increase and can be more active in doing speaking
activity.
According to Charles A. Curran 1972, as quoted by Brown 2001:25, “Learners in the classroom are regarded not as a “class” but a “group” that need
certain therap y and counseling.” So, there is no big gap between a teacher and
students that usually builds a comfortable atmosphere in a class. The group will be the supportive community for the students to communicate in the target language.
In addition, Larsen Freeman, 2000:128-129 states that, “The teacher facilitates
communication in the classroom. In this role, one of his major responsibilities is to establish situation likely to promote communication. Above all, students are
communicators.” From that theory, I got an inspiration to conduct a reserach in speaking skill field especially speaking for transactional conversation. Finally, I
got the topic of the research, that is the effectiveness of using CLL method in improving speaking skill for transactional conversation. To find out the
effectiveness of using CLL in improving speaking skill for transactional conversation in my research, I used experimental research which needs
quantitative data. To collect the data, I use a research design, i.e. one group pre- test and post-test experimental design. In this research design, I must give the
students some treatments relate to the purpose of my research which is to reveal that u
sing CLL can improve students‟ speaking skills for transactional conversation. But then, before I give some treatments, I conduct a try-out and pre-
test to the students to know the baseline scores of them. After that, I conduct the treatment using CLL method. In CLL method, I decide to give two treatments,
first treatment is by giving CLL which intends to improve their vocabulary, pronunciation and comprehension of the material of speaking. Second treatment is
to improve students‟ fluency, task, and grammar by giving them some tenses related to the material of speaking in my research. Finally, I use a post-test to
measure the students skill after receiving some treatments.
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
Chapter III presents the method of investigation. It is divided into several parts. They are approach of the study, research design, population and sample,
variable, instrument for collecting data, method of collecting data, and method of analysing data.
3.1 Approach of the Study
The study approach I use in my reserach is descriptive quantitative. In conducting my research, I use experimental research design, especially pre
experimental research study which uses descriptive quantitative approach. It means that the data are analyzed quantitatively by using statistical procedures to
calculate the numeral data that are gathered. The descriptive quantitative approach is used to gather the numeral data from the experimental research which uses CLL
method to teach transactional conversation to imp rove students‟ speaking skill.
3.2 Research Design
In my research, I use pre experimental research study as my research design.
There are four kinds of pre experimental research study, they are one shot-case study, one group pre and post tests experimental design, experimental and control
groups post test only design, and two experimental groups post test only design Hartoyo, 2010. From kinds of pre experimental research design above, I use the
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