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c. Structure Shift
Structure shift is a method of translation that involves changing the grammatical structure in the target text into that of the source text. Structure shift
belongs to category shift, one of the types of translation shift that Catford 1965 explains in Hatim 2001:
When translation cannot be carried out by adhering closely to the linguistic form of the source text, textual equivalence is achieved through what Catford calls
‘translation shift.’ The concept of shifts is defined in terms of departures ‘from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL’ 1965: 73.
Two major types of shift are identified: ‘level shift’ and ‘category shift.’ Concept 2.3 Level shift vs category shift
Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own grammatical, lexical, etc.. …
Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit … .
… Category shift may involve:
• a ‘class shift,’ when an SL item is translated by means of a Tl item belonging
to a different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’:
• a ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and
target text TT: e.g. John loves Mary becomes ‘Is love at John on Mary’ in Gaelic;
• a ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL
sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English definite article is translated by a change in word order in Russian;
• an ‘intra-system’ shift which occurs when translation involves selection of a
non-corresponding term in the TL system – this is regardless of whether the SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally; e.g. an
SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural.’
Newmark 1981 also states that ‘the translator must not use a word or phrase that sounds intuitively unnatural or artificial to him.’ Therefore, in the case of
translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia¸ it is right that the translator changes the active verb of English into the passive verb of Bahasa Indonesia. For example,
the sentence ‘The idea that he proposed last week was denied’ will be translated into Bahasa Indonesia as ‘Ide yang diajukan oleh dia kemarin ditolak’ instead of ‘Ide
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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yang dia ajukan kemarin ditolak’ because Bahasa Indonesia only employs suffix – kan for command words instead of verbs.
A translator may use structure shift when he or she encounters some problems preserving the meaning of source text in that of the target text. In relation to the
method, a translator may change the active form of source text into the passive form of the target text.
4. Theory of Translation
Kategori