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seem relevant to its particular environment. There are so many examples of this case in English and we will never be able to write all of such words. For example, we
have the word article and under the word article we can find feature, survey, report, critique, commentary, review and so on. Then, we also have the word house and
under this word we can find bungalow, cottage, croft, chalet, lodge, hut, mansion, manor, villa and hall. Last but not least, we have the word jump as well and under
this word we can find leap, vault, spring, bounce, dive¸ clear, plunge and plummet. There are more examples that we can find and all of these words have no equivalents
in many languages.
7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Physical perspective may be more important than it is in any other language. Physical perspective refers to the circumstance where things or people are in relation
to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs of words such as comego, takebring, arrivedepart and so on. Perspective can include the relationship between
participants in the discourse tenor as well. For example, Japanese has six equivalents for give and it is depending on who gives to whom: yaru, ageru, morau,
kureru, itadaku and kudasaru.
8. Differences in expressive meaning
There may be a target language word that has the same propositional meaning as the source language does, but it has different expressive meaning. The difference
can considerable or be subtle but it is more than enough to pose a translation problem in a given context. Usually, a translator will take an easier way in solving this
problem by adding expressive meaning than subtracting it. In other words, if the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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target language equivalent is neutral compared to the source language item, then the translator can sometimes add the evaluative element by means of a modifier or
adverb if it is necessary, or by building it in somewhere else in the text. So, it may be possible in some context to render a word from the source language by the more
neutral word in target language with the addition of an equivalent modifier. For instance, we may render the verb batter in English by the neutral Japanese verb
tataku plus a modifier such as ‘savagely’ or ‘ruthlessly.’ However, differences in expressive meaning are usually more difficult to handle when the target language
equivalent is more emotionally loaded than the source language item. We often find this in the case with items that relate to sensitive issues such as religion, politic and
sex. For example, homosexuality in English and shithuth jinsi in Arabic literally: ‘sexual perversion’, where the Arabic equivalent is inherently more pejorative and
would be quite difficult to use in a neutral context without suggesting strong dissaproval.
9. Differences in form
