12 help. Therefore, the production of proto-syllabus will be developed
completely. 6
The sixth step is development and implementation of classroom procedures. The communicative syllabus will give a significance changes
in teacher’s role. The teacher’s role here is a facilitator, not a leader. Therefore, the classroom activities are conducted based on the learners’
activity rather than teacher’s activity. 7
The last step is evaluation. Evaluation can be done in every step that helps the designer to revise the step and the content of the syllabus.
Figure 2.2 Yalden’s Model
2. Educational Research and Development R D
Borg 1983 stated that educational research and development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational products p. 772. The
steps of this process are usually referred to as the R D cycle, which consists of studying research findings pertinent to the product to be developed,
Description of Purpose
Selection Develop-
ment of a Syllabus
Type Production
of a Proto-
Syllabus Product-
ion of Pedagogi-
cal Syllabus
Develop- ment
Imple- mentation
of Classroom
Procedures Evaluation
Need Survey
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 developing the product based on these findings, field testing it in the setting
where it will be used eventually, and revising it to correct the deficiencies found in the field-testing stage.
There were ten major steps in the R D cycle promoted by Borg 1983, p. 775.
1 Research and information collecting - Includes review of literature,
classroom observations, and preparation of report of state of the art. 2
Planning - Includes defining skills, stating objectives determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing.
3 Develop preliminary form of product - Includes preparation of
instructional materials, handbook, and evaluation devices. 4
Preliminary field testing - Conducted in from 1 to 3 schools, using 6 to 12 subjects. Interview, observational and questionnaire data collected and
analyzed. 5
Main product revision - Revision of product as suggested by the preliminary field-test results.
6 Main field testing - Conducted in 5 to 15 schools with 30 to 100 subjects.
Quantitative data on subjects’ pre-course and post-course performance are collected. Results are evaluated with respect to course objectives and are
compared with control group data, when appropriate. 7
Operational product revision - Revision of product as suggested by main field-test results.
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14 8
Operational field testing - Conducted in 10 to 30 schools involving 40 to 200 subjects. Interview, observational and questionnaire data collected and
analyzed. 9
Final product revision - Revision of product as suggested by operational field-test results.
10 Dissemination and implementation - Report on product at professional
meetings and in journals. Work with publisher who assumes commercial distribution. Monitor distribution to provide quality control.
Based on ten major steps of the R D cycle above, the researcher used five steps to design a set of the materials. Those steps were research and
information collecting step 1, planning step 2, develop preliminary form of product step 3, preliminary field testing step4, and main product revision
step 5.
3. Reading
