26 research information collecting step 1, planning step 2, develop
preliminary form of product step 3, preliminary field testing step 4, and main product revision step 5. There are two reasons for adapting five steps in
this research. First, the researcher only conducts this research in a junior high school, while the next steps of R D cycle have to conduct the research in
more than four schools. Second, the designed materials from this research will not publish for commercial distribution.
1. Research and Information Collecting
The researcher collects information by needs survey. Needs survey is conducted to find out needs and interests of the second grade students of SMP
N 1 Piyungan. Needs survey is conducted by observation in the second grade of SMP N 1 Piyungan class. The researcher conducts classroom observation to
see the condition of the students and the classroom activities in reading class. By observation, the researcher will also know the materials that are used by
the teacher in teaching reading class. Beside observation, the researcher also distributes questionnaires to the second grade students of SMP N 1 Piyungan
to seek their favorite topic for their reading materials.
2. Planning
After needs survey is done, the researcher then tries to set the goals, topics, and purposes based on the result of the needs survey. The researcher
decides the goals, sets the topics based on students’ interests, and formulates the purposes the students will achieve.
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3. Developing Preliminary Form of Product
Developing preliminary form of product includes choosing the most appropriate syllabus, select teaching learning and instructional resources, and
designing the instructional materials.
4. Preliminary Field Testing
In preliminary field testing, the researcher conducts evaluation. Evaluation is conducted by distributing some questionnaires to two English
teachers of SMP N 1 Piyungan and one PBI’s lecturer of Sanata Dharma University in order to get feedback for the designed materials. The main
purpose of this step is to measure whether the designed materials are appropriate and relevant or not. The opinions and suggestions which are given
by respondents will be beneficial for improving the final version of designed materials.
5. Main Product Revision
After preliminary field testing is done, the researcher evaluates the designed materials. The aim of evaluation is to make final revision before the
designed materials will be applied for students.
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Figure 2.3 Overall Steps
Research and Information Collecting Step 1
Planning Step 2
Developing Preliminary Form of Product Step 3
Preliminary Field Testing Step 4
Needs Survey
Goals, Topics, and General Purposes
Syllabus
Select Teaching Learning Activities and
Instructional Resources
Designing the Materials
Evaluation
Revision Main Product Revision
Step 5
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents six parts. The first part is research method, the second part is research participants, the third part is research instruments, the
fourth part is data gathering technique, the fifth part is data analysis technique, and the last part is research procedure.
A. Research Method
Educational research and development R D were used to answer the questions the problem formulation. Borg 1983 stated that educational
research and development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational products p. 772. The steps of this process are usually referred to
as the R D cycle, which consists of studying research findings pertinent to the product to be developed, developing the product based on these findings,
field testing it in the setting where it will be used eventually, and revising it to correct the deficiencies found in the field-testing stage.
There were ten major steps in the R D cycle promoted by Borg 1983, p. 775. Based on ten major steps of the R D cycle, the researcher
used five steps to design a set of the materials. Those steps were research and information collecting step 1, planning step 2, develop preliminary form of
product step 3, preliminary field testing step 4, and main product revision step 5.
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