The Interference Of English Term Into Indonesian In The Ekonomic Term
THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM
INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters
By: FARIDA NIM. 101026021492
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
1429 H / 2008 M
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THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM
INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters
By:
FARIDA
NIM: 101026021492
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
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APPROVEMENT
THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM
INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM
A Paper
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters
By:
FARIDA
NIM: 101026021492
Approved by advisor
Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd
NIP. 150 299 480
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
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LEGALIZATION
A Thesis entitled “The Interference of English Term into Indonesian In the Economic
Term” Has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee, “Syarif Hidayatullah” State Islamic University, Jakarta on March, 26, 2008. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata 1 (SI) in English Letters.
Jakarta, March, 26, 2008
Examination Committee
Chair Person Secretary
Dr. H. Muhammad Farchan, M.Pd Drs.Saefuddin, M.Pd
NIP: 150 299 480 NIP: 150 261 902
Members
Examiner I Examiner II
Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd
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ABSTRACT
Farida. The Interference of English Term Into Indonesian In the Economic Term.
Thesis Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty ”Syarif Hidayatullah “ State Islamic University, March 2008
This paper used descriptive qualitative method to research about the process of the English word especially in the economic term that absorbed and then enrich the vocabulary of Indonesian language. After analyzing, the writer looks for the change of meaning in the absorbed word. The unit of analysis of this research is 50 economic words that found in
column of KOMPAS daily newspaper, column ‘Financial’. It is chosen because this
column often utilizes some absorbed words especially in the economic term.
This study becomes important because today there are many English words can be found in daily conversation or in media, but they are difficult to know whether the words have already become the vocabulary of Indonesian language or not.
From the analysis, the writer concludes that there are many absorbed words from English words become the vocabulary of Indonesian language without many changes of the meaning, but only the changes of the writing and spelling system based on the rules of Indonesian language.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name of Allah the Most Gracious, The Most Merciful
All praises to Allah, The Lord of The Universe, who give His Guidance. Peace and Salutation be upon our prophet Muhammad (be peace upon him), his family, companions and adherents. The writer is greatly indebted spiritually, intellectually and emotionally. Therefore, she would like to convince her heartfelt thanks to these amazing persons:
1. Her parents H. Tarwono and Hj. Suharsih, May they rest in peace for their life
“I love you papa & mama”
2. Dr. Abd. Chair, M.A., The Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
3. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, for his generous assistance and time in making this
thesis possible amid his busy activities. He gave me “shock therapy” respectively and directed many questions that plagued him from meeting to meeting. His patience and sober minded came up to assist her as a nice advisor to discuss to.
4. Dr.H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd., The Head of English Letters Department, who made English Letters Department as her best education place to gain the knowledge and Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd., The Secretary of English Letters Department for his best assistance amid his busy activities.
5. All lecturers of English Letters Department
6. Her grandmother Hj. Bahroh, her little borther Andi and her sweet little sister Tia. Thanks for Prayers, and supports.
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7. The Directors of Pendidikan Islam MTs Mathlaul Anwar KH.Zein Ali, for his kindness and trust in giving her an opportunity and time to finish this thesis. And her dear colleagues, : Mba Iin, Om Joul, k Arif , Sobat BSI 2001, Hafas, Ipung, Daeng, Hanafi for their patience and understanding.
8. The library staff of “Universitas Indonesia” and the library staff of Adab Faculty
9. Taufiqurahman, S.Ag, for his prayers and motivation, teaching and spiritual guidance
May Allah SWT give them the serenity, prosperity, and patience in this life. The writer realizes this thesis still contains lack of completeness therefore, useful critics and comments from the readers are greatly accepted.
Jakarta, January, 31 2008
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENS
ABSTRACT………i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENS ... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 4
C. Research Question... 4
D. Objective of the Research... 4
E. Research Methodology... 4
1. The Method of Research ... 4
2. The Approach of Research ... 5
3. The instrument of Research ... 5
4. Unit Analysis ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAME WORK A. Interference ... 6
B. Language and Term... 8
C. Term Forming ... 10
D. Borrowing and its Motivation ... 13
E. Change of Meaning ... 16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING A. The Data Description ... 19
B. Data Analysis... 22
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 72
B. Suggestion ... 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 74
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Most people spend an immense of their life talking, listening, and in advance societies, reading and writing. A normal conversation uses 4.000 or 5.000 words an hour. A radio talk where there are fewer pause uses many as 8.000 or 9.000 words per hour. A person reading at a normal speed covers 14.000 or 15.000 words per hour. So someone who catches for an hour, Listening to radio talk for an hour, Read for an hour possible contact with 25.000 words in that time, per day total could be as height as 1.000.000 words.1
Basically language is prime tool of communication. In the real life people with their business needs language for communication to each other, it is to be easy to make relationship for them. Human language can open their mind to the other people and by language people know what they want.
Definition of language itself is a system of signal, such as voices sounds, gesture or written symbols that encode or decode information.
1
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According to Djoko Kentjono, “Bahasa ialah system lambing bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergunakanoleh para anggota kelompok social untuk bekerja sama, berkomunikasi
dan mengidentifikasi diri.”2
From the definition above it is also clear that human can transfer language to various media: Written symbol, Braille, Sign language and soon. Human need a greater degree of cooperation require and efficient communication. Consequently the primary function of language is to impact factual information and to essential command.
People can communicate with other by the language. So, the language becomes an important thing in human life, It represents a basic need people. Without communication, they cannot do anything. Person uses a language to express his idea feeling. It is the basic function of language as a mean for communication and interaction with the other. The language plays important role of each aspect in the life where as, that the people have many activities in their life.
Proses terjadinya interferensi sejalan dengan proses terjadinya kebudayaan. Interferensi dapat terjadi pada tingkat fonologi, tata bahasa atau leksikon. (Interference happen by cultural diffusion, Interference happens toward phonology, grammatical, and lexicon).3
The interference of foreign words influenced in the many field like: economic, education, law field and so on.
2
Djoko Kenjono,dasar-dasar linguistic umum,( Jakarta,Fakultas FB UI,1997)p:2
3
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From the last century Indonesia has made contact with the other language such as Dutch, Arabic, China, and Portuguese. It occurs because borrowing is easier than creating a new language. That word has been popular in Indonesia, its taken Dutch acteur and in English named actor.
Borrowing of word is a factor of language development, borrowing of word happen in the phonology, grammatical and lexical. Indonesia as the developing country needs other foreign language to enrich the vocabulary and also to create new term in every subject like economic term.
In linguistics, Meaning is the words or sign exchanged by a people when communicating through language. The communication of meaning is the purpose and function of language. The meaning may take many forms, such as evoking certain idea, or denoting a certain real word entity.
B. Focus of the Study
This paper focused on the borrowing technical terms of economic field adopted from English into Indonesia. The writer would like to limit the discussion on English lexical borrowing of economic field accepted as Indonesian word.
C. Research Question
The problems discussed in this study are formulated through following question: 1. How does the process of borrowing in the economic term in English?
2. How does the change of meaning in the borrowing of economic technical term of English language happen?
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D. Objective of the research
The objectives of this study is to describe English borrowed by Indonesian language in economic term, and to know more about the change of meaning in the economic term.
E. The Method of Research
1. The Research Methodology
This research is descriptive research to describe the corpus of English lexical in the economic term borrowed by Indonesian language and change of meaning that happened.
2. The Approach of Research
The writer takes semantics theory for data analysis through the following steps: a. Collecting the English economic term by Indonesian
b. Analyzing the lexical meaning of economic term in Indonesia and English language (The meaning is based on dictionary).
c. Deciding changes of meaning that happened then classify into variety changes of meaning.
3. The Instrument of Research
The researcher herself as main instrument by reading and marking the economic technical term used in KOMPAS newspaper. Then data are tabulated to make it easier to analyze.
4. Unit Analysis
The unit analysis of this research is the corpus of economic term collected from various articles of Indonesia newspaper such as KOMPAS, article on June until July 2005
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
A. Interference
In the open society where the members accept the arrival of other society members, there will occur what is called as a language contact. The language from those who accepts the arrival and from those who comes later will influence each other. The uppermost thing from this language contact is the presence of bilingualism and multilingualism with its various cases such as interference, integration, code switch, and code mixing.
In the bilingual or multilingual society, the presence of language contact and culture contact caused many cases of interference, integration, code switch, and code mixing occurrence. These four elements indicate the same phenomena; it is the presence of other language used. What is meant as interference is the appearance of other language unsure into the language used, so that appears any rule deviance from the language used.
According to Uriel Weinrich, the definition if interference is :
… Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language shich occur in
the speech of bilinguals as a result of thir familiarity with more than one language. i.e. as a result of language contact, will be referred to as interference phenomena.4
Weinreich sees that language influence as an effect of language contact in its application by bilinguals causes grammatical rule deviation. This deviation identified then
4
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in the term of interference. Interference happen in the linguistics levels; phonology, morphology, syntax, till lexicon level.
Interference occurs if a speaker while in studying some target language identifies the phoneme in the target language with his native language phoneme. For example, Javanese speakers speak some Indonesian words begin with /b/, /d/, /j/, and /g/ consonant,
so those consonant will be preceded by nasal sound. Those, the word ‘Bogor’ will be spoken ‘Mbogor’, the word ‘Depok’ will be spoken ‘Ndepok’. Interference also occurs in
grammatical and lexicon level. In lexicon will occur the used of some words of other language into the language used either a local language of a foreign language.5
Interference phenomena can be viewed in three dimensions; those are dimension of language performance, named as performance interference. This language performance often happens during the people are still studying a foreign language the second dimension is systemic interference; is usually called as borrowing, which linked tightly to the cultural diffusion. For example, the word ‘pinsil’ in Indonesian can be traced back to the word
‘pencil’ in English. Another word, ‘huruf‘also can be traced back to Arabic ‘harfun’.
And the third dimension is the dimension of language learning; learning interference.6 In language teaching, the most influencing language is the mother language of the speaker, while the language influenced is the learned language (target language).
Interference according to Weinrich happens in two forms, both are:
5
Chair, Abdul,Lingistik Umum. (Jakarta : Rineka Cipta, 2003) p. 67
6
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1. Interference in the speech happens to bilinguals as the effect if their recognition of other language.
2. Interference in language, often happen in a bilingual speech which have been a habit and have been also constructed in his mind.7
B. Language and Term
Human being as a part of culture cannot be disassociated with others because they are closely related to society. What they do or work is named as the culture. In globalization era the developing of culture has been effected by the language development. That happens to the terms of Indonesian language especially as a result of knowledge and technology development.
Definition of language it self is an arbitrary system of sound symbol used by society to corporate, interact, and identify them self.8 Without language, all activity in the society can be ascertained will not work. Moreover, language is a basic tool of communication. So, the language becomes an important think in human life, it represents a basic need of people. Without language, all activity in the society can be ascertained will not work the function of language is the instrument of communication. In language literature, the linguists generally have formulated four functions of language, they are:
1. As the media of communication 2. As the media of self expression
3. As the media of social integration and adaptation
7
Oppick. Weinrich P. 11
8
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4. As the media of social control.9
A person uses a language to express his idea and filling. It is the basic function of language as a mean for communication and interaction with the others. The people have many varieties like health, economic, law field, etc. Terms differs from word. Term has exact and clear meaning and free of any context.10Term is used only in certain scientific or discourse field. But the word is the smallest grammatical unit.11 In speaking there are many technical terms that are used to communicate. A technical term is a word or comparison to express a concept, process, situation or a special characteristic in certain field.
Term can be constructed from some sources: 1. Indonesian language
2. Local language 3. Foreign language.12
It is clear that term can be constructed from other language. Especially in Indonesian, the borrowing of term comes from local language, or foreign language especially from English. It has been estimated that English contains more than million words, of which fewer than half are included in unabridged dictionary. The development of English from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. It is some times described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the endings of the noun, the adjective, and the verb are preserved less unimpaired. The period from 1150 to 1500 is called Middle English. During this period the inflection begun to break down to wards and the language
9
Laminudin Finoza.Komposisi Bahasa.(Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2001) p. 2
10
Depdiknas,Pedoman umum Pembentukan istilah,(Jakarta :Balai Pustaka, 2004), p : 1
11
Op. Cit Jean Atchicson P: 11
12
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the period from 1500 to this era is called Modern English. By the time a large part of original inflectional system disappeared.
C. Term Forming
As an International language, English is always used as the source of the technical term to get more suitable word and easy to understand. According to Baugh the technical term can formulated as follows:
a. Source of the new words: borrowings.
This process is to be expected in the light of the English disposition to borrow word from other languages in the past. The new words have been taken over ready from the people whom the idea or thing designated has been obtained. For example: from the French comes garage.
b. Self-Explaining Compound
A second source of new word is represented in the practice of making self explaining compounds, one of the oldest methods of word formation in the language. For the example fire extinguisher, fire means api and extinguisher taken from Extinguish + er. It means memadamkan/ mematikan. –er is bound morpheme, its function in English noun forming. So the meaning of fire extinguisher isalat pemadam api.
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The common word from proper names have been derived in the past, they are names of person, places and brands such as sandwich. This word is from a noble on one occasion, putting slice of meat between pieces of bread.
d. Coinages
A considerable number of new words must be attributed to deliberate invention or coinage. There has probably never been a time when the creative impulse has not spent it self occasionally in inventing new word. But their changes of general adoption now are often creased by a campaign of advertising as deliberate as the effort which created them such as Kodak seems to be pure invention : now days Kodak has all but displaced the word camera in popular use, irrespective of the make of the instrument.
e. Old words with new meaning
Example the word Skyline the truth meaning is the line along that the sky seems to touch earth, but nowadays has a new meaning is the outline, as of a city, seen against the sky.
f. Blending
The blending is fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in branch, from breakfast and lunch. That mean is used facetiously in speaking of those who get up too late for breakfast or nearly lunch.13 In Indonesian language the process of the technical term can be constructed with:
13
Albert C. baugh, A history of the English Language, (USA:D.Appleton Century company,Inc,1935), P: 373-379
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1. Taking an usual word and giving it meaning 2. Absorbing term from local language
3. Absorbing term from foreign language in the way of adoption and adaptation of it borrowing translation
Indonesian language vocabularies can be taken as term by fulfilling concitions under:
1. The word must be the exact word and its meaning does not deviate
2. The word must be the shortest word if there are two words or more with the same referred.
3. The word must be the word with good Connotation and euphonic 4. The word must be the usual word that given a new meaning.
According Pusat Penelitian Bahasa, using of these procedures can form a technical term, they are:
1. Take a general word or phrase and give it meaning 2. Make a combination from general words
3. Form a derivate word from a general basic word 4. Form an analogy of technical term.
5. Loan Translation
6. Form a technical term by using an abbreviation. 7. Take over a foreign or traditional language.14
14
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4. Borrowing and its motivation
Alive language is a language that always in changes although the changes will not be seen in short time but its user. In its development language has to add the number of concept and sign to activate. Language contact has caused cultural contact that influences each other to borrow. According to Hockett, there are two motivations why a language borrows other language unsure. They are:
1. Requirement to satisfy needs (need feeling).
There is a need for human necessity to identify something. The other motive for borrowing is to fill a gap among borrowing idiolects, example; American, English has acquired only a spears scattering of need-filling loans from the various languages of the immigrants: hamburger, pizza grinder (sandwich) from Italian. Those examples of borrowing under the need filling motive have been of borrowing from one language, some borrowings take place constantly among dialect of single language.
2. Desire to be locked stylish (prestige motive).
There is a wish for prestige looks. The people whom they admire are in speech pattern as well as in other respect, and the prestige factor leads to extensive borrowing from the dominant languages into non dominant one.15
As the International, English occupied this place, so English as the first foreign language in Indonesia, and has been popular in educational environment. There are three types of loans or borrowed elements into a number of classes depending on phonological and semantics characteristics, as follows:
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1. Loan Word
The borrower may adopt the donor’s word a long withthe object or practice form in the
borrower’s speech. The acquisition of loan word constitutes in its self a lexical change,
and probably we should say that it constitutes or entails an involved at target. For the example the wordhamburger, Indonesian people least in the sense that a shape there to
fore “uninhabited”hamburger is a food. There is no other word beside that word used by Indonesian any form may have been brought to use English acquisition
“Hamburger” involved no such change and Indonesian language adopted it become Indonesian Language. It meant Indonesian word adopted pronunciations which used by original form.
2. Loan Blend
Loan Blend is combination of foreign and native forms. It has a similarity a lone blend is a new idiom developed in the borrowing situation, in which loan pronunciation whether it is foreign. For example the word Import in English are involved, the borrower imports of the model becomes Import in Indonesian language, so the pronunciations are same but and replaces part of it by something already in his own language. spelling is different.
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3. Loan Shift
Loan shift is the foreign concepts represented by native form. For example English Church ,the word church taken From Latin Abbot, Altar, and Canon. And semantic loans which is range expressed by a native form that is extended to include a new and usually related concept.16
4. Change of Meaning
That talking about meaning relates to semantic. Semantic is a field do study in linguistics which studies the meaning in language.17 Semantic is the branch of linguistics having tight relation with other social sciences such as sociology, anthropology, even also with philosophy and psychology.18 Therefore the meaning of word in one language has different meaning from other language even the meaning of absorbed words will have changed from the proto language.
According to Ferdinand de Sausure meaning relates tosignifier(Significant) that is called as the word in the language andsignified(signifie) that is called as the object in the world; it means “stand for”, “refers to” “denotes”. However, both signified and signifier is strictly a sound image and concept.19
It is different from Odgen and Richard illustrating a triangle of semantics (the relation between that a triangle of semantics which has a meaning). That there are three components of meaning; they are sign or symbol, reference and different. Symbol is the linguist elements such as words, sentences, phrase etc. The referent is the object while,
16
Op. cit, Hockett, Charles F.p. 408-411
17
Op.cit.Chair,Abdul.P.11
18
ibid
19
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thought of reference is concept.20 Based on that theory there is no direct link between symbol and referent or between language and object in the world without through
“Thought” or “reference”.
It is necessary to say something about the way in which words gradually change their meaning. The branch of linguistic study which concerns it self with the meanings of words and the way meaning develop is known as semasiology or semantics. It has been observed that in their sense development words often pursue certain well-marked tendencies. Among the meaning more common of these are extension of meaning, narrowing of meaning, degeneration, and regeneration.
1. Extension of Meaning
It is meant the widening of a word’s signification until it covers much more than the
idea originally conveyed. The tendency is some times called generalization. The word lovely, for example, means primarily worthy to be loved and great means large in size,
the opposite of small. But today the school girl’s lovely and the average man’s great
have no such meaning. A box of candy or a chair may be lovely and anything from a ball game to the weather may be great.
2. Narrowing of meaning
The opposite of tendency is for a word gradually to acquire a more restricted sense, or to be chiefly used in one special connection. For the example the word doctor (i.e.
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learned men) in technology, law, and many others field beside medicine, but now days when we send the doctor mean a member of only one profession.21
3. Degeneration of meaning
It may take several forms. It may take the form of the gradual extension to many particular meaning senses, that a word may have had is completely lost. This is one form of generalization, such as in the words lovely and great. In other form, it is a word that has retained very specific meaning but a less favorable one than it originally had. For instance, the word smug was originally a good word. It means neat or trim. It presents suggestion of objectionable self-satisfaction that seems to have grown up during the nineteenth century,
4. Regeneration of meaning
This kind is the opposite of degeneration of meaning; it is a process of language shifts, which a new word meaning felt better, or attained respectability from the last meaning that considered disparagement. For example, the word smock, which was mentioned as losing case in the eighteenth century, has now been rehabilitated as applied to and outer
garment. We used it for a certain type of woman’s dress and we speak of an Artist’s
smock. Another word in the nineteenth they attained respectability. So, the change of meaning that words undergo is another evidence of the constant state of flux that characterizes language as it lives on the lips of men.
21
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CHAFTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
This chapter describes about the data description and the analysis of data. The writer finds 50 (fifty) economic terms that are collected from the determined source of the data
A. The Data Description
From KOMPAS, the writer tabulates 50 (fifty) economic terms as follow:
No English Indonesian Economic
Types Of borrowing
Kinds Of Change
Of Meaning Source Of LB LW LS Ex Nr Dg Rg
1 Accommodate Akomodasi Akomodasi √ √
- - - - French 2 Acquisition Akuisisi Akuisisi √ √
- - - - French 3 Accountancy Akutansi akutansi √ √ - - - French 4 Amortization Amortisasi Amortisasi √ √
- - - - English
5 Asset Aset Aset √ √ - - - - Old French
6 Bank Bank Bank √ √
- - - - Middle English 7 Bill- Yet/ Billet Bilyet Bilyet √ √
- - - - French low Latin 8 Business Bisnis Bisnis √ √ - - - - Middle
English
9 Bourse Bursa Bursa √ √
- - - - French
10 Cash Kas kas √ √ - - - - English
11 Cheque Cek Cek √ √
- √ - - English 12 Collusion Kolusi Kolusi √ √ - - - - Latin 13 Clearing Kliring Kliring √ √ - - - - English 14 Commercial Komersial Komersial √ √
- - - - French and Latin 15 Commodity Komoditi Komoditi √ √ - - - - Latin
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16 Compensation Kompensasi Kompensasi √ √ - - - - Latin 17 Contribution Kontribusi Kontribusi √ √ - - - - English 18 Credit Kredit Kredit √ √ - - - - Latin 19 Corporation Korporasi Korporasi √ √ - - - - English 20 Corruption Korupsi korupsi √ √ - - - - Latin
21 Debtor Debitur Debitur √ √ - - - - French &Latin 22 Deficit Defisit Defisit √ √ - - - - French &
Latin 23 Deposit Deposito Deposito √ √ - - - - Latin 24 Deviation Deviasi Deviasi √ √ - - - - Latin 25 Divestment Divestasi Divestasi √ √ - - - - English 26 Dividend Dividen Dividen √ √ - - - - French 27 Discount Diskon Diskon √ √ - - - - Old French 28 Economic Ekonomi Ekonomi √ √ - - - - English 29 Emission Emisi Emisi √ √ - - - - French ALatin 30 Export Ekspor Ekspor √ √ √ - - - English 31 Fluctuate Fluktuasi Fluktuasi √ √ - - - - Latin 32 Industry Industri Industri √ √ - - - - Latin 33 Inflation Inflasi Inflasi √ √ - - - - Latin 34 Invest Investasi Investasi √ √ - - - - Latin
35 Gyro Giro Giro √ √ - - - - English
36 Liquidation Likuidasi Likuidasi √ √ - - - - English 37 Management Manajemen Manajemen √ √ - - - - Low Latin 38 Margin Marjin Marjin √ √ - - - - Latin 39 Merger Merger Merjer √ √ - - - - French &
Latin 40 Monetary Moneter Moneter √ √ - √ - - Latin
41 Modal Modal Modal √ √ √ - - - English
42 Obligation Obligasi Obligasi √ √ - - - - French & Latin 43 Privatization Privatisasi Privatisasi √ √ - - - - Latin
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*
44 Premium Premi Premi √ √ - - - - Latin
45 Product Produksi Produksi √ √ - - - - Latin
46 Property Properti Properti √ √ - - - - English
47 Protection Proteksi Proteksi √ √ √ - - - Latin
48 Recession Resesi Resesi √ √ - - - - Latin
49 Ratio Rasio Rasio √ √ - - - - Latin
50 Transverse Transfer Transfer √ √ - - - - Latin
Note:
Type of Loan Kinds of Meaning
LB : Loan Blend EX : Extension of meaning
LW : Loan Word NR : Narrowing of meaning
LS : Loan Shift Dg : Degeneration of meaning
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B. Data Analysis
From the tabulated data or corpus that are put on the table above, The writer tries to classify and analyze them by categorizing into types of borrowings, lexical meanings, etymology, and varieties of meaning changes, to get more illustration, the writer analyzes them into groups as told above.
1. Indonesian economic registers from other languages with the technical terms that has the same meaning.
1. Akomodasi
This word is loan word type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Sesuatu yang disediakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.22 b. Sesuatu yand disedikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.23 c. Accommodate: Provide.24
22
Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002), p:21
23
Saharani, AlbertS.E, Wijaya Diana, SE,Kamus Ekonomi Uang dan Bank,(Jakarta, Restu Agung,2003 P:10
24
Hornby,The Advance Learner’s Dictionary current English, (Oxford University press, 2000, six Edition), p:6
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
Accommodate Akomodasi Akomodasi French &
Latin
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Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French Latin; accommodation (em)the meaning is lodging.25There is no meaning change in this word.
2. Akuisisi
As the word Accommodate the word acquisition is loan word type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Cara memperbesar perusahaan/asetdengan cara memiliki perusahaan lain.26 b. Pemindahan Kepemilikan perusahaan dengan cara memiliki perusahaan lain.27 c. Acquisition: 1. Acquiring 2. Accomplishment.28
Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French Latin; acquîsîtîônthe meaning is act or process acquiring.29There is no meaning change in this word
25
Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)p:7
26
Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002), p24
27
Saharani, AlbertS.E, Wijaya Diana, SE,Kamus Ekonomi Uang dan Bank,(Jakarta, Restu Agung,2003 P:13
28
Hornby,The Advance Learner’s Dictionary current English, (Oxford University press, 2000, six Edition), p:8
29
Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)P: 10
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(30)
3.Akutansi
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Teori dan praktik perakunan, termasuk tanggung jawab,prinsip, standar kelaziman (kebiasaan) dan semua kegiatannya.30
b. Seseorang yang mempunyai keahlian dibidang akuntan.31 c. Accountancy: Profession of an account.32
Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French;accountant-ancy the meaning is the profession, occupation of an account.33There is no meaning change in this word
30
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:25
31
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 16
32
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 7
33
Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge, LTD, six impression 1946)P: 8
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(31)
4. Amortisasi
The word amortisasi is adopted from English amortization, this word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word. So adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penghapusan / pernyataan tidak berlaku terhadap surat-surat berharga yang nilainya telah dibayar kembali atau hilang.34
b. Utang yang dilunasi dengan angsuran berkala atau penuntasan atas aktiva berwujud seprti, pantent, good will, copy right, dan biaya ditangguhkan.35
c. Amortization: Legal end debt by setting aside regularly for future payments.36 Historically, it can be called as loan shift type because this word is from English; Amortization, the meaning is act of liquidating, paying off a debt.37 Thus according to the writer, there is no meaning change in this word.
34
Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002),p:39
35
Saharani, AlbertS.E, Wijaya Diana, SE,Kamus Ekonomi Uang dan Bank,(Jakarta, Restu Agung,2003 P:21
36
Hornby,The Advance Learner’s Dictionary current English, (Oxford University press, 2000, six Edition), p:27
37
Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)p:32
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(32)
5. Aset
This word is included into loan blend type, because the word asset in English becomes
‘Aset” in Indonesia, its pronunciation is the same but spelling is different. The lexical
meanings of this word are as follows: a. Sesuatu yang bernilai tukar.38
b. Segala sesuatu yang bernilai komersial yang dimiliki oleh sebuah perusahaan atau individu.39
c. Asset: Anything owned by a person, compete that has money value and that may be sold to pay.40
Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from old French;asezthe meaning is whole property of every kind, of an insolvent individual or corporation, liable to be administrated for benefit of creditors.41There is no meaning change in this word.
38
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 70
39
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 30
40
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 46
41
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:58
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(33)
6. Bank
Based on types of borrowing, this word is loan word type. The reason to explain this word is same as the wordamortization,Because of that Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. These are lexical meanings based on dictionary:
a. Badan Usaha dibidang keuangan, yang menarik dan mengeluarkan uang di masyarakat.42
b. Badan usahadibidang keuangan, dengan memberikan keuangan kredit dan jasa-jasa dalam lalu lintas pembayaran dan peredaran uang, Bank menarik uang dari dan mengeluarkannya kedalam masyarakat.43
c. Bank: Establishment for keeping money and valuables safely, the money being paid
out the costumer’s order (by means of cheque).44
Etymologically, its one of loan word type, This word is taken from Middle EnglishBanke, originally the word bank taken frombench,its mean the table or counter of money changer;45so, based on those meaning , there is no change of meaning happening in this word.
42
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 103
43
iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:46
44
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:62
45
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:77
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(34)
7. Bilyet
This word is included into loan blend type, because the word bill-yet in English become
‘bilyet” inIndonesia, its pronunciation is the same but spelling is different. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
a. Kertas berharga yang dikeluarkan oleh bank.46
b. Dokumen bank yang berisikan permintaan keterangan atau permintaan bayar membayar.47
c. Bill-yet/Billet: Bank note.48
Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French low Latin; billathe meaning is name given to document or negotiable instrument used in commerce as a means payment.49There is no meaning change in this word.
46
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:152
47
iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:64
48
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:81
49
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:101
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
Bill-yet/Billet Bilyet Bilyet French low
Latin
(35)
8. Bisnis
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Usaha komersial didunia perdagangan, bidang uaha: usaha dagang.50
b. Industri, perdagangan pengangkutan dan lain sebagainya adalah termasuk kegiatan bisnis yaitu kegiatan yang mempergunakan modal tertentu.51
c. Business.Buying and selling: commerce, trade.52
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from Middle English busy-ness, originally the meaning is regular, habitual occupation, trade, profession.53 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this word.
50
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 157
51
iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P: 65
52
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 114
53
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:138
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(36)
9. Bursa
This word is included into loan word type, because the wordboursein English becomesBursain Indonesia, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
a. Tempat memperjual belikan saham, obligasi, dsb.54
b. Tempat dimana di perjual belikan sekuritas valuta asing, atau barang yang dilakukan secara teratur.55
c. Bourse: Foreign stock exchange.56
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from French, Bourse originally the meaning is name given to place, in foreign countries, corresponding to our stock exchange, where merchants and financiers meet to transact business.57 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this word.
54
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:180
55
iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P:79
56
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:97
57
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:120
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(37)
10. Debitor
Based on types of borrowing this word is loan word type, the reason to explain this word same as the word bourse, the word debtor has same pronunciation with Indonesian worddebitur.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Orang atau lembaga yang berhutang kepada orang atau lembaga lain.58 b. Orang atau badan yang berhutang kepada orang/badan lain.59
c. Debtor: person who is a debt to another.60
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from French and Latindêbîtum,originally the meaning is one who is under material or moral obligations to another; Specific, one who owes money contrasted with creditor.61So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this word.
58
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:243
59
iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P143
60
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:222
61
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:280
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(38)
11. Defisit
This word is loan blend type, its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, because this word has been integrated, the word deficit in English, Is commonly used as deficitin Indonesian language. The lexical of this word are as follows:
a. Kekurangan modal (dianggaran belanja).62
b. Jumlah uang yang ada tersedia kuran dari jumlah uang yang dibutuhkan.63 c. Deficit: amount by which payment exceed recipient.64
Historically, it can be called loan shift type, which is from French and LatinDêfisit. The meaning is short age, amount by which credit side an account falls short balancing accounts.65 So, it can be concluded that based on those meanings there is no meaning change of this word.
62
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:244
63
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:147
64
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:226
65
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 286
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
Deficit Defisit Defisit French and
Latin
(39)
12. Deposit
This word is loan word type, because the worddepositin English becomesdeposito in Indonesia. Because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word to explain it, So Indonesian people adopted whole pronunciation of this word. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Uang yang disimpan direkening, tindakan menyimpan uang di bank.66
b. Simpanan pihak ketiga pada bank, yang menurut perjanjian antara penyimpan dengan bank, bahwa penarikannya hanya dapat dilakukan sesudah jangka waktu tertentu.67
c. Deposit: money has deposited.68
Originally, this is one of loan shift type whose history or etymology is taken from Latin Dêposit-um, the meaning is a money paid into, entrusted to a bank.69 From the definition above, it is concluded that there is no change of meaning of this word.
66
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 254
67
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:151
68
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:232
69
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 295
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(40)
13. Deviasi
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language pronunciation is the same as English deviation becomes deviasi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penyimpangan (dari peraturan).70
b. Suatu ukuran mengenai tingkat pencaran selisih nilai dari masing-masing anggotanya dalam sekelompok nilai dengan rata-rata hitungnya.71
c. Deviation: Turning a side or a way; difference.72
Originally, this is one of loan shift type whose history or etymology is taken from Latin Dêvîus, the meaning is the act of deviating.73 From the definition above, It is concluded that there is no change of meaning of this word.
70
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:259
71
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:152
72
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:
73
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 301
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(41)
14. Divestasi
Based on the types of borrowing, this word is loan word type. The reason to explain this word is the same as the worddeposit and deviation, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are the lexical meanings based on dictionaries:
a. Pengurangan modal74
b. Penjualan atau pelepasan saham oleh pemegang saham.75 c. Divestment: take away from.76
Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, which is from English; the act of divesting.77 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
74
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 271
75
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:159
76
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:253
77
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:324
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(42)
15. Dividen
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word;dividend but the spelling is different, This word is taken from Franchdividende, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word dividen. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Bagian laba atau pendapatan yang besarnya ditetapkan oleh reaksi serta disahkan oleh rapat pemegang saham.78
b. Bagian laba yang dibayarkan kepada pemegang saham.79
c. Dividend: payment of share profit, to shave holders in Business Company, or assets to creditors or to policyholder in Mutual Insurance Company.80
It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from French; dividende and Latin dividendum. The meaning is about interest payable on money invested.81 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
78
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 271
79
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P:159
80
Hornby, Ibid, P: 253
81
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:324
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(43)
16. Diskon
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word;discountbut the spelling is different, Indonesian people usually useddiskonHere are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Potongan harga.82 b. Potongan, korting.83
c. Discount: amount of money which may be taken off the full price.84
It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Old French; disconter. The meaning is to depreciate lessen value of, put a lower value on.85 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
82
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:269
83
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P 185
84
Hornby, Ibid, P:245
85
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:314
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(44)
17. Emisi
This word is loan word type, because its pronunciation same as Indonesian language. Emission in English becomes emisi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Pengeluaran surat berharga seperti saham atau obligasi oleh perusahaan tersebut memerlukan tambahan modal.86
b. Perusahaan yang mengeluarkan saham /obligasinya untuk dijual kepada umum.87 c. Emission: sending out or giving off.88
It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from French Latin; êmissiôn. The meaning is to giving or sending out.89 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
86
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:298
87
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P 172
88
Hornby, Ibid, P: 282
89
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:360
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(45)
]
18. Ekonomi
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. This word is taken from Englisheconomic, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word ekonomi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Ilmu mengenai asas asas produksi, distribusi dan pemakaian barang-barang serta kekayaan.90
b. Serangkaian kegiatan produksi dan konsumsi yang saling berkaitan.91 c. Economic: science control and managing of the money.92
Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, because this word is from English; Pertaining to the satisfaction of man’s material needs, And to the practical application of science to this end.93 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
90
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:287
91
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P:169
92
Hornby, Ibid, P: 276
93
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:350
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(46)
19. Fluktuatif
The word fluktuatif is taken from English fluctuate this word called loan word type, because adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Gejala yang menunjukan turun naiknya harga.94
b. Perubahaan dalam harga atau suku bunga, baik naik/turun.95 c. Fluctuate: Move up and down.96
It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Latin.fluctuâtîôn, The meaning is irregular variation in quantity97 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
94
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:319
95
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P:189
96
Hornby, Ibid, P: 330
97
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:211
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(47)
20. Giro
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, gyro but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English gyro , but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the wordgiro.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Simpanan pada bank yang penarikannya dapat dilakukan setiap saat dengan
menggunakan cek/surat perintah pembayaran lain dengan cara pemindah bukuan.98 b. Simpanan pada bank yang penarikannya dapat dilakukan setiap saat dengan
menggunakan cek/surat perintah pembayaran lain dengan cara pemindah bukuan.99 c. Gyro: System of credit transfer between banks.100
Historically, it can be called as loan word type, because this word is from English; system of credit transfer between banks.101So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
98
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:365
99
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P:198
100
Hornby, Ibid, P:
101
CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:350
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(48)
21. Industri
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, industrybut the spelling is different, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the wordindustri.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
This word is loan blend type, The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
a. Kegiatan memproses atau mengolah barang dengan menggunakan sarana dan peralatan mesin.102
b. Kegiatan ekonomi yang menghasilkan barang atau jasa, kecuali agrarian dan distribusi.103
c. Industry: quality of being hard working, being always employed usefully.104
It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Latin;industria.The meaning is the quality or state of being industrious.105So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
102
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 431
103
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 227
104
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:435
105
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 600
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(49)
22. Inflasi
The wordinflation has integrated into Indonesian language as inflasi.This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Kemerosotan nilai uang kertas karena banyaknya dan cepatnya uang kertas beredar sehingga menyebabkan naiknya harga bunga.106
b. Jumlah uang yang relative lebih besar dari jumlah barang dan jasa yang tersedia. Keadaan menunjukan bahwa daya beli uang berkurang dalam masa tertentu.107 c. Inflation: act of inflating state being crises in price brought money, credit, etc.108
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Inflătiŏn-(em). The meaning is act or process of inflating.109 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
106
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 432
107
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 228
108
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:437
109
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 603
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(50)
23. Investasi
The word invest is one of the loan word type, the reason is, there is same pronunciation between Indonesian language and English.Invest becomes investasi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penanaman uang modal dalam suatu perusahaan atau proyek untuk tujuan memperoleh keuntungan.110
b. Penanaman modal dengan maksud memperoleh keuntungan yang biasanya dalam jangka panjang untuk menggandakan aktiva tetap atau pembelian saham-saham dan surat-aurat berharga lainnya.111
c. Invest: Put money in.112
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Invest-ĺre. The meaning is to use, lay out, money, in such a way as to obtain a return upon it.113 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
110
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:441
111
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 228
112
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 449
113
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 621
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(51)
24. kliring
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; Clearing but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, clearing Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word kliring. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penyelesaian pembukuan dan pembayaran antar bank dan memindahkan saldo kepada pihak yang berhak.114
b. Penghitungan utang piutang dengan cara saling menyediakan surat-surat berharga dan surat dagang yang telah ditetapkan untuk dapat diperhitungkan antara para peserta secra terpusat di satu tempat.115
c. Clearing: Settle accounts, the balance being paid in cash.116
Historically, it can be called as loan word type, because this word is from English; commercial method of exchanging cheques settling account between different banks and business firms.117 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word
114
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 576
115
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 260
116
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 164
117
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 192
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(52)
25. kolusi
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Kerjasama rahasia untuk maksud tidak terpuji, persengkokolan.118
b. Persetujuan rahasia antara dua pihak atau lebih untuk mendapatkan keuntungan atas kerugian pihak lain.119
c. Collusion: secret agreement or understanding for deceitful or fraudulent purpose.120
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Collũsion-(em), the meaning is Secret understanding.121 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
118
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 582
119
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 261
120
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 163
121
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 206
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(53)
26. Komersial
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, collusion Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word kolusi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Bernilai niaga tinggi.122 b. Iklan.123
c. Commercial: Adj. of commerce.124
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from French and Latin Commercîum, The meaning is adj. connected with having of commerce125 So,It be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
122
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:583
123
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:129
124
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:169
125
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 206
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(54)
27. Komoditas
This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Bahan mentah yang dapat digolongkan menurut mutunya sesuai dengan standar perdagangan internasional, masalah gandunm, karet atau kopi.126
b. Barang kosumsi atupun barang produksi yang lazim di perdagangkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.127
c. Commodity: Useful thing128
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Commodite, The meaning is anything that is for sale.129 So, It be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
126
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:584
127
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:261
128
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:169
129
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:212
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(55)
28. Kontribusi
This word is taken from English,contribution. Indonesian people commonly use it by the wordkontribusi.This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. 1. Sumbangan 2.Uang iuran.130 b. Sumbangan.131
c. Contribution: Compulsory payment.132
Historically, it can be called as loan word type, because this word is from English; Compulsory payment 133 so, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word
130
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:592
131
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:145
132
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:187
133
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:178
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(56)
29. Korporasi
Like the word contribution, this word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. The word has same pronunciation. Corporation in English and Indonesian language use it by the word korporasi.Here are its lexical meanings:
a. Perusahaan atau badan usaha yang sangat besar atau beberapa perusahaan yang dikelola dan dijalankan sebagai satu perusahaan besar.134
b. Perusahaan atau badan usaha yang sangat besar atau beberapa perusahaan yang dikelola dan dijalankan sebagai satu perusahaan besar.135
c. Corporation: Shared by members of a group of person.136
Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, this word is from English; group of person elected to govern a town.137 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word
134
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:596
135
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:268
136
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:268
137
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:192
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(57)
30. Kas
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; Cash but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, clearing Indonesian people commonly uses it by the wordkas. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Keluarmasuknya uang; buku catatan.138
b. 1 Alat pembayaran sah berupa uang kartal yang tersedia bagi suatu usaha terdiri dari uang kertas bank, cek, wesel dan surat berharga lainnya dapat segera dijadikan uang diperhitungkan juga sebagai kas. 2. Buku catatan.139
c. Cash: Money in coin or notes.140
Historically, it can be called as loan word type, because this word is from English; Money in coin or notes.141 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word
138
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:511
139
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:
140
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:130
141
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:177
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(58)
31. kompensasi
This word is loan word type, because the word has same pronunciation with Indonesian language. In EnglishCompensation becomes kompensasiin Indonesian language. Here
are it’s the lexical meaning based on dictionary:
a. Ganti rugi.142
b. Suatu cara untuk menghapuskan utang antara dua pihak yang saling berhutang dengan memperhitungkan utang masing-masing.143
c. Compensation: make suitable payment.144
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin compensâtiôn,the meaning is act of compensating.145So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this
142
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 584
143
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 262
144
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 172
145
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 215
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(59)
32. korupsi
This word is loan word type, Because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, So adopted whole of pronunciation. The lexical meaning of this word are as follows:
a. Penyelewengan atau penyalah gunaan uang negara (perusahaan dan sebagainya) untuk keuntungan orang lain atau pribadi.146
b. Korupsi.147
c. Corruption: Corrupting or being corrupt.148
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type this word is taken from Latin Corruption (em) whose original meaning is a moral deterioration.149 So, based on those meanings, there is no change of meaning happen in this word.
146
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 597
147
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 268
148
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 193
149
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 215
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(60)
33. kredit
This word is loan blend type, its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, because this word has been integrated, The wordcreditin English, Is commonly usedkredit as in Indonesian language. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:
a. Pinjaman uang dengan pembayaran pengembalian secara mengangsur.150 b. Penyediaan oleh bank/tagihan-tagihan lain-lain yang disamakan dengan itu
berdasarkan pinjam meminjam dengan pihak lain.151
c. Credit: money showen as owned by a person or company, etc in bank account.152
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type because this word is taken from Latin Crēditum, Whose original meaning is a moral deterioration.153 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happen in this word.
150
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 600
151
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 268
152
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 202
153
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 215
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(61)
34. Likuidasi
Like the wordcorruption,this word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. The word has same pronunciation. Liquidation in English and Indonesian language use it by the word likuidasi.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Kemampuan bank setiap waktu untuk membayar utang jangka pendeknya apabila tiba-tiba ditagih.154
b. Kemampuan seseorang atau perusahaan untuk memenuhi kewajiban atau utang yang segera harus dibayar dengan harta lancer.155
c. Liquidation: Pay or settle a debt.156
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type because this word is taken from English Liquidation, Whose original meaning is a process of winding up financial affairs.157So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happen in this word.
154
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:671
155
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:288
156
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:496
157
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 678
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(62)
35. Manajemen
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word but the spelling is different, Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Pimpinan yang bnertanggung jawab atasjalannya perusahaan dan organisasi.158 b. Proses menggerakan tenaga manusia, modal dan peralatan lainnya secara terpadu
untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.159
c. Management: managing or being managed.160
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift and loan word type because this word is taken from Low Latin manidiare, Whose original meaning is act of managing.161 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happen in this word.
158
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:708
159
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:299
160
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:517
161
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 702
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(63)
36. Margin
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; marjin, but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English margin, but Indonesian people commonly uses marjin. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Laba bruto, tingkat selisih antara biaya produksi dan harga jual di pasar.162 b. Jumlah yang didepositokan oleh pelanggan pada pialang apabila pelanggaran
meminjam dari pialang untuk membeli surat berharga/efek.163 c. Margin: Difference between cost price and selling price164
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type this word is taken from Latin margo,originally the meaning is stock exchange difference between the buying and selling prices of stocks and shares.165 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happen in this word.
162
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 715
163
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:299
164
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 520
165
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 707
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(64)
37. Merjer
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; merjerbut the spelling is different, This word is taken from Englishmerger,but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word merjer. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penyatuan usaha sehingga tercapai pemilikan dan atau pengawasan bersama.166 b. Amalgamasi melalui peleburan kedalam salah satu perusahaan yang bergabung.167 c. Merger: merging instance of this combining of estates business companies etc.168
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from French and Latin Merge,the meaning is a combine.169So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
166
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 736
167
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 307
168
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:532
169
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 721
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
Merger Merjer Merjer French and
Latin
(65)
38. Obligasi
This word is loan word type, its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word, because this word has been integrated. The word obligation in English, commonly used obligasi in Indonesian language. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Surat pinjaman dengan bunga tertentu dari pemerintah yang dapat diperjual belikan.170
b. Surat utang yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan atau pemerintah dengan jangka waktu lebih dari satu tahun dan bersuku bunga tertentu, untuk menarik dana dari masyarakat guna pembiayaan perusahaan atau keperluan belanja pemerintah.171 c. Obligation: Duty or condition that indicates what action ought to be taken.172
This word is loan shift type because the word obligation is taken From Latin
obligātiōn, its meaning is written document or bond by which the obligator binds him self under a penalty to pay a certain sum.173 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
170
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 793
171
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:335
172
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 579
173
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 788
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(66)
39. Privatisasi
This word is loan word type, The word privatizationin English commonly used privatisasi in Indonesian language. Its meant between the word privatization and privatisasi has the same pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Penjualan sebagian atau semua saham sebuah perusahaan milik pemerintah kepada public baik melalui penjualan langsung perusahaan swasta nasional dan asing maupun melalui bursa efek.174
b. Pengkonversian bisnis yang dimiliki pemerintah menjadi milik pemegang saham atau perorangan.175
c. Privatization: Transfer from state to private ownership.176
This word is loan shift type because the wordprivatizationis taken From Latin
privat-um, Its meaning is a part belonging not to the state but to an individual.177 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
174
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:896
175
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:411
176
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:665
177
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:913
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(67)
40. Produksi
This word is loan word type, Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. the wordProductin English, commonly usedproduksi in Indonesian language. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Kemampuan suatu factor produksi selama waktu tertentu dalam menghasilkan barang.178
b. Nilai seluruh barang dan jasa yang dihasilksn oleh perekonomian suatu negara..179 c. The result obtained by multiplying two or more numbers.180
This word is loan shift type because the wordproductis taken From Latin
product-um, Its meaning is act of producing.181 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
178
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:413
179
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:412
180
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:666
181
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:917
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(68)
41. Properti
This word is loan word type, Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Harta berupa tanah dan bangunan serta sarana dan prasarana yang merupakan bagoian yang tidak terpisahkan.dari tanah atau bangunan.182
b. Aset.183
c. Property: Things owned.184
This word is loan shift word because the wordpropertyis taken From Latin
properti,Its meaning is Things owned.185 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
182
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:898
183
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:10
184
: Hornby, OP.Cit, P:671
185
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:914
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(69)
42. Resesi
This word is loan word type, Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. The wordRecessionin English, commonly used Resesi in Indonesian language. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Kelesuan dalam kegiatan dagang, industri dsb.186
b. Penurunan dalam kegiatan ekonomi yang oleh para pakar ekonomi diartikan sebagai penurunan dalam suatu produksi nasional bruto.187
c. Recession: slackening of business and industrial.188
This word is loan shift type, its taken From LatinRecession-(em). Its meaning is Act of receding or withdrawing; with drawl from a place or position.189 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.
186
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:702
187
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:436
188
Hornby, OP.Cit:702
189
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:
English Term
Indonesian Term
Economic Term
Source of Type of loan
LW LB LS
(1)
It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin; expotare. The meaning is to carry out away; specific to send goods, merchandise.217Thus according to the writer, there is meaning change of this word namely extension, because the meaning of economic field is more extension than other meanings,exportis not only sending goods but the word export may used for labors, (TKI/TKW).
50. Modal
This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word; modalbut the spelling is different, This word is taken from Englishmodal,but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word modal. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):
a. Uang yang dipakai sebagai pokok (induk untuk berdagang)melepas uang dsb.218 b. Harta yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan tambahan kekayaan.219
c. Modal: adj. relating to mode or manner.220
216
Hornby, OP.Cit, P:300 217
CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 392 218
Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 219
Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ot P 220
Hornby, OP.Cit, P: English Term Indonesian Term Economic Term
Source of Type of loan LW LB LS
(2)
Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type this word is taken from Latin modalis, originally the meaning is expressing, marked by modality221 So, based on those meaning, Thus according to the writer, there is meaning change of this word namely extension, because the meaning of economic field is more extension than other meanings, modalis not only relating to mode or manner but the word export may used for economic terms as a capital of business.
221
(3)
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing of the economic term in the last chapter, the writer concludes that language contact caused of meaning change in the lexical meaning. Indonesian people need other language especially English in the economic term because:
1. The economic terms are borrowed by Indonesian language because there is no equivalence in Indonesian language, So that technical terms derived from English language to complete the Indonesian vocabularies as new term.
2. English as International used as source of borrowing to create a new economic term and to ease the communication.
3. From fifty economic terms collected from KOMPAS there are change of meaning. The change of meaning observed in this research are four economic terms which get change of meaning into narrowing of meaning, And two economic terms get change of meaning into extension of meaning, But degeneration and regeneration of meaning kinds do not exist.
(4)
B. Suggestion
After finishing the analysis, the writer would like to suggest to whom interested in studying of English lexical borrowing especially on economic terms. This is because there
is still a lot of thing about economic terms that we don’t know, not only from the change of
meaning but also the types of borrowing that borrowed from English experience some changes.
The writer releases that the research 50 (fifty) economic terms not enough yet for us to get more information about economic term. For that reason, the writer suggests to the readers especially the student of English letters to continue the research about the borrowing of Indonesian economic term from English. This meant to confirm that most of Indonesian economic term are borrowed from English have change either in the pronunciation, the meaning, or the other part of language component.
(5)
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Atchison Jean,Language an Introduction,London: British Library, 1992
Baugh, Albert C. A history the English Language, United State Amerika: Appleton Century Company, Inc 1935
Chair, abdul, Linguistik Umum,Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,2003
Cecil, Wyld Henry,The Universal English Dictionary,London: George Rountledge, LTD, Six Impression 1946
DEPDIKNAS,Pedoman umum Pembentukan Istilah,Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2004 DIK/JG K 001,Ilmu Bahasa Umum,Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia,1994
Finoza, Lamuddin,Komposisi Bahasa Indonesia,Jakarta: Diksi Insan Mulia, 2003 Cet ke -9 Hocket, Charless F.A.Course in Modern Linguistik,New York: The Mac Milan Company,
1958
Hornby As,Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Of Current English, Oxford University Press, 1987
Kenjono Djoko, Dasar- Dasar Linguistik Umum,Jakarta Fakultas Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 1997
KOMPAS, Article on June until July 2005
Nababan, PWJ,Sosiolinguistik,Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1991 Ohoiwutun, Paul,Sosiolinguistik,Jakarta: Visipro,2002
Palmer F.R,Semantics New Outline,Mealborne: Cambridge University, 1979
Pusat Pembinaan Bahasa, Senarai Kata Serapan Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Depdikbud, 1996
(6)
Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2002, ed ke-3
Saharani Albert,SE, Diana wijaya SE,Kamus Uang Dan Bank, Jakarta:Restu Agung,2003 Simatupang Mauris, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan, Jakarta: UI press, 1999