CHAPTER III THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS
Morphological process is a word formation process by combining one morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification
to its base form affixes. Most language use suffixation and some of these languages also use prefixation.
Logically, modifications of form will be involved in morphological processes; adding or subtracting material accompanied by a change in meaning.
So, the morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.
Here are some kinds of morphological processes: Affixation, Reduplication, Modification, Suppletion, and Compounding.
3.1 Affixation
The general term for bound morphemes that are added to roots and stems is affix. Affixes are classified according to whether they are attached before or
after the form to which they are added. If an affix appears before the rootstem, it is a prefix, if it appears after the rootstem, it is a suffix.
Based by Katamba 1993:44, an affix is a morpheme, which only occurs when it is combining to some other morpheme or morphemes such as root or stem or
base. There are two types of affixes:
a. Prefixes: A prefix is an affix combine before a root or a stem or a base like re-,
un, and in-. For example: [re-make], [un-kind] and [in-decent]
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b. Suffixes: A suffix is an affix combine after a root or a stem or a base like –ly, –
s, -ed, -er, -ist and –in.
For example: [kind-ly], [wait-er], [book-s] and [walk-ed].
Words formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes are the result of the process of affixation. This process of affixation is the one of
the most general process in language. Parera 1994:18 says : “proses afiksasi terjadi apabila sebuah morfem terikat dibubuhkan atau dilekatkan pada sebuah
morfem bebas secara urutan lurus”. affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme attached to free morpheme or word. While Montler 1986:119 state
that affixation is the linguistic process use to form new words neologisms by adding morpheme affixes at the beginning prefixation, the middle infixation
or the end suffixation of words. Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word building throughout
the history of English. The main function of affixation in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another; the secondary function is to change the
lexical meaning of the same part of speech. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding
derivational affixes to different types of bases.
3.1.1 Derivational Affixes
Derivational can produce new words from existing word into two ways. First, derivational can change the part of speech of a word, thereby permitting it to
function differently in a sentence; true is an adjective¸ truly is an adverb, truth a noun. Second, derivational can change the meaning of a word: true and untrue
have the opposite meanings.
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The basic function of derivational processes is to enable the language user to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as Noun, Verb,
and Adjective and the derived lexemes may belong to a different category than their bases.
3.1.2 Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional is creating a different form of the same word by changing neither part of speech nor meaning, but only refine and give extra grammatical
information about the already existing meaning of a word. Thus ca and cats are both nouns and have the same thing, but cats, with the plural morpheme –s,
contains the additional information that there are more than one of these things. As we saw above, the primary distinction between inflection and
derivation is a functional one: derivation creates new lexemes, and inflection serves to create different forms of the same lexeme.
3.2 Reduplication
A special kind of affixation is the attachment of a complete or partial copy of the base as a prefix or a suffix is called reduplication. Reduplication is the
repetition of a syllable, a morpheme or a word to form a word and also deals with a type of compound in which both elements are the same or only slightly
different. Reduplication is either total reduplication if all of a morpheme is double or a
partial reduplication if a part of it is doubled. Indonesian uses extensively total
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reduplication and partial reduplication. An example of total reduplication is found in the Indonesian word to form the plurals of nouns;
Examples: rumah house
- rumah - rumah houses
Buku book -
buku – buku books
3.3 Modification
Modification is the one of the processes in forming word. There are two kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification.
In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only changes in some situation. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as
infinitive to past and past participle. Example: - to change singular to plural
Singular plural
deer deer
Internal modification is the internal changes of a base to form a word. Besides adding am affix to a morpheme or copying all or part of the morpheme
reduplication to make a morphological distinction, it is also possible to make morpheme internal modification.
Examples: 1. The usual pattern of plural formation in English is to add an inflectional
morpheme, but some plurals make an internal modification. man
- men
woman -
women
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2. The usual pattern of past and past participle formation is to add an affix, but some verbs also an internal change.
bite -
bit -
bitten drink
- drank
- drunk
3.4 Suppletion
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