21 The last theory is Japanese phonology theory. This theory describes the
phonological system in Japanese. There are some absences of sounds between English and Japanese. In Japanese there are only five variants of vowel which are not specified
whether they are lax or tense while in English there are fifteen different vowels and they contain diphthongs, tense and lax. The absence of an exact sounds of liquids also exists
in Japanese consonants. According to Kenworthy 1987, although Japanese has the same liquids as in English, they do not pronounce them very clearly whether they should
be [r] or [l]. They just pronounce them in between.
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents a rationale of the methods of research and analysis. It contains six sections which are going to be defined and described each of them. The
first section is research method. It contains the explanation of the document analysis as the research method used in this study. The second section is research setting.
Research setting describes where and when the research is done. In the third section, this study elaborates on the participantssubjects of the research as well as the
methods of sampling. The fourth section is instruments and data gathering technique. In this section, the researcher explains the research instruments used in
the study and the techniques in gathering the data. Then, from the data there are some findings and the description of the way how to analyze the findings is
presented in data analysis technique as the fifth section of this chapter. Finally, the steps taken in conducting the study are described in the section of research
procedure.
A. Research Method
This research was qualitative research since this study dealt with the description of sound production analysis, which focused on the pronunciation
process when Japanese produced liquids and tense vowels. This study described how the sounds were produced.
23 In this study, the sources of data gathering can be specified into document analysis.
As Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002 said that document analysis refers to a method of research utilized to written or visual materials in a purpose of identifying specified
characteristics of the material or a project that focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded materials within its own context. From the description of document
analysis, live performance videos from Japanese singer can be indicated as the visual materials which are going to be identified and analyzed the errors.
As Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002 stated, there are six steps in document analysis which should be done. The first step is specifying the phenomenon to be
investigated. In this step, the researcher specified the phenomenon of pronunciation process of Japanese singer in producing tense vowels and liquids. Secondly, the
researcher selected the media to analyze which are the videos. The third step is formulating exhaustive and mutually exclusive coding categories so that the verbal
or symbolic content can be counted. Then, the researcher specified the sample in this case video based on the year or period when they performed. It aims to obtain a
representative sample of the documents. The next step is training the coders so that they can consistently apply the coding scheme that has been developed and thus
contribute to the reliability of the content analysis. Finally, the data was analyzed and it involved the descriptive accounts since this study used qualitative research.
The materials could be analyzed from the textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, videos, musical compositions, or any
of a host of other types of documents. The reason why the researcher wanted to use the live performance videos as the data because they showed the originality of the
24 singer when he sang a song in English. The videos did not use the process of editing
and it was as real as it was. In addition, from that originality the researcher was able to see the authentic process when the Japanese singer pronounced the English words.
The pronunciation of the Japanese singer was analyzed from the lip movement and mouth so that the clearer sound transcription could be interpreted.
B. Research Setting
The researcher conducted the research starting from 6 March 2015 until 30 April 2015. On 6 March 2015, the research was co
nducted at the researcher’s boarding house by downloading several live performance videos from youtube.
Then, the videos were watched and analyzed during two weeks, starting from 7 March 2015 until 21 March 2015. During two weeks, the researcher saw the process
of pronunciation when Japanese singer produced tense vowels and liquids. The next five weeks, starting from 21 March 2015 until 30 April 2015, the researcher
described the results of the analysis from the videos by making the table and comparing how Japanese singer made the sound of tense vowels and liquids to the
sounds in English. The researcher also did the revision from the results which had been described.
C. Research Subject
In conducting the study, the researcher used the Japanese singer as the subject of the research. The Japanese singer was a vocalist in a Japanese band named
L’Arc- en-Ciel. This band is a Japanese rock band, founded in Osaka in 1991. This band has
