Phonological analysis on labiodental fricatives produced by South Korean singers in live-performance music video.

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CHAPTER I INTRODECTION

This study deals with phonological analysis towards labiodental fricatives produced by South Korean singers in the live performance video. This chapter consists of six sections. The first section is background of study which discusses the reason of conducting this study. The second is problem formulation. This part states the questions that will be answered in this study. The third section is problem limitation which constricts the scope of the study. The fourth is objective of study. The last two sections are benefits of study and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

Nowadays, an astonishing fact appears in the existence of English as world language. Today, English transforms into a language which is most broadly taught as foreign language so that the number of second language speakers increases vastly (Crystal, 2003). It even has bigger number compared to the speakers of the mother tongue (Jenkins, 2000). Based on some researches that have been done by linguists, number of non-native English speakers enlarges until several times compared to the first language speakers. Crystal (1997) suggested that if the ‘reasonable competence’ criterion was allowed, there may be as many as 1,350 million second language speakers, whereas the first language speaker number is around 337 million. Even if the criterion of ‘native-like fluency’ is applied, the

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number of second language speakers will reach around 335 million. This fact shows that English is utilized more often than the first language and an apt symbol of globalization, diversification, and modernization.

The non-native speakers try to produce approximate sound as closely as possible to the native standard or Received Pronunciation (RP). However, the production of English by non-native speakers brings out the labeling English as ‘foreign’ and ‘second’ language. EFL or English as Foreign Language is taught to speakers whom English has no internal function in their first language country, whereas ESL or English as Second Language is taught to speakers whom English has an internal function in their first language country or speakers who emigrate to country which has English as the L1. It drives a new tension which has begun to emerge in the context of EFL. Lately, in the past half century, English has rapidly transformed from foreign language into international language or EIL. The transformation of English affects the transformation of English as Second Language. Some countries which use English as target language are undergoing process of switching from intra-national use of English to an inter-national one.

Being international language, English automatically meets various races and nationalities. It can be ascertained that in the process of acquisition, English will meet with various languages. The languages of the speakers will take a role in their English. This is the fact that cannot be denied. In fact, some languages have several sounds that absent but present in English or vice versa. One of the languages that have several absent sounds is Korean language. Korean language

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has two writing system, Hangul and Hanja. This study has been narrowed into Hangul sound production as comparison because it is used mostly by Korean speakers. People nowadays do not use Hanja in daily activities.

Hangul is sound-based letter. One letter represents one sound. Hangul consists of 19 consonants, 10 vowels, and 2 semivowel pronouns (USMI, 2008). It is different from English that consists of 24 consonant sounds including round sound, 12 vowels, and 8 diphthongs. Considering the number of standard sounds which belong to each language, some sounds of another language seem hard to reproduce in the other one. Two of them are labiodental fricatives, the consonants /f/ and /v/. Labiodental fricatives are sounds produced by unremitting airflow through the mouth which is involving the lower lip and the upper teeth (O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997.).

Besides the reason mentioned above, there is one more reason why this study explores the Korean language, especially Hangul. Hangul has unique writing system related to English. Roman alphabets do not commonly utilize to represent Korean language. Vertical line, horizontal line, and dot are the main elements of Hangul features of letter. However, these features surprisingly can be applied in English. The followings are some example of Hangul- English writing features.

There are two of many English words which become vocabulary in

Korean language, namely 패스트푸드 for fast food and 러브 라인for love line.

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actually read /pæsətə pʊdə/ using English accent. While, the second one is (reo-beu ra-in) or in phonological transcription is /lɒbə laɪn/. That words demonstrate the writing system of Hangul representing English. The first example shows English word containing voiceless labiodental fricatives or /f/ and another example is voiced sound /v/. Hangul which does not have those sound label them with the closest quality sounds, /p/ in English accent for /f/ and /b/ for /v/.

The differences between Korean language and English, and the unique character of Hangul writing features drive the study into error analysis. The study deals with error analysis and accuracy where the writer tries to examine whether the Korean Language speakers can produce the sound correctly or with some inaccuracy. The Korean Language speakers are represented by Korean singers. They are the members of four famous groups which sing English songs, Super Junior, SHINee, CN Blue, and 2 AM. The video themselves are visual recording of live performance in television or visual radio streaming. Though there is accuracy analysis applied, it does not intend to correct the error. The analysis is just employed as the comparison and the base of the language strategic study towards English as Foreign language.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to make this study more organized, the writer has established two questions which will be answered. The questions are as follows.

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1. How accurate do the South Korean singers produce labiodental fricatives in English?

2. What are the linguistic strategies used by South Korean singers when they

face labiodental fricatives in English?

C. Problem Limitation

The aim of this study is to answer two questions that have been mentioned in the Problem Formulation. The answers of the problems will produce profound discussion on the linguistic especially in branch phonology. The study focuses on sound production of English by second language speakers who are represented by South Korean singers. South Korean singers are chosen because they represent the Korean speaker who use English mostly because they do their debut internationally. When they sing in live performance they try to produce sound as similar as the native does. The live performance also has an important role here because from the live performance performed by the South Korean singers this study will be able to conduct real-situation sounds that are produced without any correction and manipulation. The study is conducted towards 20 live-performance music videos of English songs performed by four famous Korean groups; they are Super Junior, SHINee, CN Blue, and 2 AM. The groups are selected because those groups have pulled off international debut in Asia such as Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore and many more, and some groups have even debuted in the United States, France and some countries in Europe. Each group will present 5

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videos with various number of songs within. The videos are chosen based on year. The videos are performed within year 2009-2011. The English songs are chosen randomly. The native singers are also various. Some singers are American English, some are British English, and some singers are Canadian or Black English. However, there are four songs sung by more than one group, they are Neyo’s So Sick, Gleen Hansard’s Falling Slowly, and Jason Mraz’ Lucky. From these songs, the writer wants to see the treatment toward same words done by different speakers.

The subject of study is words and word groups in song lyrics that contain labiodental fricatives. This study itself discusses two objectives. Firstly, it deals with how accurate the Korean language speakers represented by South Korean singers performing labiodental fricatives, consonant f and v, which are often faced when they speak English. This part wants to see whether there are some difficulties to pronounce certain words. Secondly, this part deals with the linguistic strategy usually used by Korean language speakers to solve the problem when they face difficulties to pronounce words containing labiodental fricatives. In this part the writer will explicate both what linguistic strategies used to replace the sound and the strategies to ease the sound to be pronounced. Within the second objective, the structure of the word groups' syllable is also discussed. It focuses on ambisyllabic sound where the sound is heard pronouncing in two syllables or moves from the coda into onset of the next syllable. Besides, the syllabic structure also discusses the gemination, or sound lengthening.

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In major, this study will phonologically analyze the labiodental fricatives which are produced by the South Korean speakers represented by South Korean singers when they sing English songs. The writer is also eager to discover the linguistic strategy to solve the differences sound instead of creating judgment whether their production of sounds is wrong or right.

D. Objective of Study

The objectives of the study are set as follows.

1. It aims to observe the performance of South Korean singers to pronounce

English words containing labiodental fricatives or consonant /f/ and /v/. 2. It wants to see what linguistic strategies can be used to solve the occurring

of the non-existent sounds, labiodental fricatives, in South Korean language when Korean speaker speak English.

E. Benefits of the Study

The result of analysis on the producing English sound of Korean language speaker will hopefully provide some insights to the teachers of English, especially for English as Foreign Language teachers that teach English to Korean speaker, Korean learner of English, and for future study. The study towards English produced by Korean speakers can give teachers of English as Foreign Language an insight to help them understanding the uniqueness of students who are influenced by their first language. Hence, the different sound that the students

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possibly make will not be seen as the obstacle of English proficiency but as the variety of English. This study also wants to show the cases of English proficiency especially in pronunciation. So, by using the information, Korean learners can solve the problems that may come when they learn English.

This study is expected to be a source of reference for students because in Indonesia sources for Korean Language are still limit. So, it will help the future research related to Korean Language or English variation. Besides, now some students in English Education Study Program have taken Korean Language class. The writer hopes that this study can help the EESP students who are interested to Korean Language for their future study.

F. Definition of Terms

To avoid misunderstanding during doing this study, it is better for the writer to define some terms frequently used in this study.

1. Phonological Analysis

Brown and Rodgers (2002) state that phonological itself has meaning as relating to the nature of sounds of certain language, in this case is English. So, phonological analysis is the process to discover certain phenomena relating to the nature of language sounds. This study employs some phonological strategies to see what are phenomena happen within the music video. The strategies used are sound substitution, sound deletion, sound simplification, sound assimilation,

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insertion, consonant omitting in consonant sequence, onset maximalism, and gemination.

2. Labiodental Fricatives

Labiodental fricative sounds are consonant sounds, /f/ and /v/, which are produced with a continuous airflow through the mouth with involving the lower lip and the upper teeth. For examples, everything, for, and above, /evriθɪŋ, fɔ:r , əbʌv/ (O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997). In this study, the labiodental fricatives become the object of discussion. The writer wants to see how accurate Korean singer to produce these sounds.

3. South Korean Singers

South Korean singers are idols who speak South Korean Language in their daily conversation. However, they sing not only Korean songs but also foreign songs such as Japanese songs and English songs. The chosen singers come from various background of social. In this study, the South Korean singers are samples who produce the sound. The way they produce the sound will be the main discussion.

4. Live-performance Music Videos

The music videos (MV) which are chosen for the study are live-performance music videos of South Korean singers singing English songs. The live-performance music videos are videos which are recorded from live performances. Live performance in this case means the performance is done in real condition. It means the singer sings the song without any lip-sync. Therefore,

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the sound is produced in real situation, without any manipulation. This kind of video will be used as one of the instrument in this study. Due to the impossibility to have a direct contact to the singers, the writer tries to observe the sound production using these music videos.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter covers three major parts. The first part is a review of former research which discusses about the role of the first language of Korean speaker in the development of English in Korea. The second part exposes theoretical review related to English. This part discusses about labiodental fricatives and the nature of English phonology . The following part within same part present the theoretical review related to Korean language or Hangul. This part presents the discussion about the characteristics of Korean language based on its original sounds. Then, still in the same section, there is a part which discusses the phonological strategies usually used in interlingual language. The last, the third part, is the theoretical framework which discusses the application of the theory within the study.

A. Review of Related Study

The previous research which was conducted by Anna Marie Schmidt from Kent State University, Ohio, discussed about the consonant labeling between Korean Language and English. This research talked about consonants identification happened within cross-language. This research focused on Korean perception towards English.

This research stated that it was impossible to have all sounds of one language are exactly same towards another language. Therefore, the interlingual

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identification occurred. It was an action where the L2 speakers tried to substitute the L1 phonemes they perceive to be most familiar to L2 phonemes.

This research had three goals. Firstly, this study wanted to examine the perceptual relationship between consonants in Korean and English. This part did not only see the differences but also the possible similarities. Here the writer wanted to see which specific L2 sound were perceived as most similar to which specific L1 sound when L2 speakers substitute sound using their L1. Then, the second goal was to examine the labeling and assessment of the differences towards vowel context because the phonetic detail between Korean and English is different. The last one, this study had a goal to assess token-to-token variability.

The next one was method. Due to discussing the cross-language perception towards English by Koreans, the stimuli which was used must be English. The recordings of this research were made of 3 monological female native speakers' sound production. They actually spoke standart American English. Besides, the selected stimuli was 594 syllable which was goten from the accumulation of 3 repetition x 22 consonants x 3 vowels x 3 talkers. The vowels used were /i ɑ u/.

The objects which in this research was called as the listeners were 20 (12 male, 8 female) native Korean in age ranging from 21 to 38. All the listeners were able to read and write English. Length of living in U.S. was in ranging from 4 months to 5.5 years. However, they lived in Korean-speaking environment and used at least 50% of their time to communicate using Korean.

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After discussing about the goals and the method, now is the time for exposing the result. Though English consonants were labeled as a greater variety of Korean consonants, those results agreed with the finding of Kim (1972) that /d g dʒ/ were covered in Korean, whereas /b v/ were consistently labeled as the lax Korean /p/. Besides, English /ð/ was labeled as /t p tʃ/ in Korean. English /f g/ were also labeled as various Korean consonants including Koran /ph p* h s* t*/.

In this research voiced English consonants were labeled as both tense and lax Korean consonants. Due to focusing on labiodental fricatives, the current study only focused on the result of sound /f/ and /v/ labeling in the former research. In the former research, the English /f/ stimuli were in major labeled as Korean labial stop, even the rating was low. While, English /v/ was labeled mostly as Korean lax /p/.

Generally, Korean bilinguals were able to label L2 consonants with the term of L1 consonants. However, individual will differ their own categorization of L2 consonants though there were some relationships between specific L1 and L2 consonants which will not be completely predicted. The result supported theories of speech perception which stated that perception is context specific rather than phonemically abstract. The result is also supported by the Best's theory that L2 will be assimilated to similar sound in L1. This research showed that the English /v/ labeled as Korean /p/, while English /f/ was produced more accurately. However, sometimes, the Koreans still labeled /f/ with /p/.

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B. Theoretical Description

This part deals with three parts where each part deals with different languages or both. In the first part the writer presents theories related to English phonology, whereas the next part is about Korean language. Then, in the last part, the theory of possible phonology strategies are discussed.

1. English Phonology

Collins and Mees (2003) states that phonology is a study of the selection patterns of sounds in a single language. Therefore, when it deals with English it becomes English phonology. Phonology brings three issues that can be examined; one of them that also will be used in this research is articulation. Articulation deals with the changing place of tongue, lips, teeth, and other speech organs to produce certain sounds.

Generally in articulation there are three important aspects, they are place of articulation,manner of articulation, and energy of articulation.

a. Place of Articulation

Place of articulation enlightens where the sound is produced, where the air stream can be modified to produce a different sound.

1) Labial

If the sound produced with closure or near closure of the lips it is called as labial sound. Labial sound itself still undergoes some modification. If in sound

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producing the both lips, whether the upper or the lower one, involved, the sound is named as bilabial, for examples are /b/, /p/, or /m/. While, if the sound is produced with the involving of upper teeth and lower lip, it is called labio-dental sound, they are /f/ and /v/.

2) Dental

Sound that is produced with involving the tongue placed againts or near the teeth is called as dentals. If the tongue place between the teeth, the sound is named as interdentals. Here are the sound that related to dental, thing /gɪŋ/ and this /ðɪs/.

3) Alveolar

Alveolar ridge is a small ridge stick out from behind the upper front teeth within the oral cavity. Alveolar sound itself is produced when the tongue touch near the ridge.

4) Palato-alveolar and Palatal

Behind the alveolar ridge, there is an area called as palate-alveolar, the roof of the mouth which rises sharply. There is the highest part of the roof of the mouth named palate. Therefore, the sound produced there is called as palatals. 5) Velar

The soft area towards the rear of the roof of the mouth is called velum. When the sound produced with the tongue touching or near this position are called velars. Another sound produced is labiovelars, sound that produced because the tongue is raised near the velum and the lips are rounded in the same time.

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6) Uvulars

Uvular is the sound produced with the tongue near or touching the uvula area, the small fleshy flap of tissue hanging down from the velum.

7) Pharyngeals

The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx is known as the pharynx. Sound made through the modification of airflow in this region by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx are called pharyngeals.

8) Glotal

Sound produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators at the glottis are glottal.

b. Manner of Articulation 1) Stop

Stops are made with complete and temporary closure of airflow through the vocal tract, preventing the air to escape.

2) Fricative

Fricative is sound where the manner of articulators is close to each other but do not make a complete closure. Still there is a narrowing for the air stream to pass through, producing audible hiss-like friction (Collins and Mess, 2003). It is covered in obstruent sound.

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3) Africates

When a stop articulation is released, the tongue moves rapidly away from the place of articulation. Some non-continuant consonants show a slow release of the closure; these sounds are called affricates.

4) Liquids

Liquids is the form of a special class of consonant. 5) Laterals

Lateral sounds are produced when the air escapes through the mouth along the lowered sides of the tongue.

6) Glides

Glide is a very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment.

c. Energy of Articulation

English commonly has two classes of consonant sound; the first one is fortis, the stronger and voiceless articulation, and lenis, the weaker and voiced articulation. The following table is a table of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that becomes the base of English sounds.

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Figure 2.1

International Phonetic Consonants

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant

Figure 2.2

International Phonetic Vowels

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The next theory will focus on the sound intended to research, the labiodental fricatives.

d. Labiodental Fricatives

After having further understanding about articulation, the writer wants to narrow the scope into labiodental fricatives or /f/ and /v/. Labiodental fricatives are sounds which are produced by involving the near contact of the lower lip to the upper front teeth. This sound is produced when the soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator being shut off. While, the inner surface of the lower lip makes contact with the edge of the upper teeth so that the air which is escaping produces friction (Indriani, 2005).

Fricatives are sound produced when the airflow is forced through a narrow opening in the vocal tract so that noise produced by friction is created. Related to the place, labiodental, there are two sounds of labiodental fricatives: voiceless labiodental fricative or /f/ and voiced labiodental fricative or /v/. The difference between the two sounds is the way of air stream flow (Akmajian, et.al., 2001).

Voiceless and voiced sounds relate to the airflow. When during the airflow the vocal cords are apart, the airflow freely through the glottis and supraglottal cavities, it will be voiceless sound. While, if the vocal cords are closed, the air stream forces its way through and causes them vibrate, the sound will be voiced one (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003).

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2. Korean Language

South Korea people have their own national writing system named

tangul. Hangul is original language from South Korea. Seeing from historical viewpoint, this language has a story. In the beginning, Korean people do not have letters, so that they apply Chinese letters in their writing. However, there are many people that do not understand the meaning of Chinese letters because they are too complicated. Knowing that, King Kim Sejong (1397-1450) tried to create simple letter (Lee and Ramsey, 2011). Inspiring from the nature, Hangul has unique philosophy in each form of letter. The circle (o) is a depiction of heaven. Then, the diagonal line ( _ ) is a depiction of Earth. The last, the longitudinal line ( l ) is depiction of man.

Korean language has nineteen consonants, ten vowels, and two semi-vowels phonemes (Ho-min Sohn, 2000). Focusing on the consonant, there are three types of sound productions towards the nineteen sounds: the three way contrasts (lax-aspirated-tense) in stop consonant, two way contrasts (lax-tense) in the alveo-dental fricative, and no contrast (only aspirated) in the glottal fricative. First is lax or plain [p, t, k, c, k, s]. Then, aspirated [ph, th, ch, kh, h]. The last is tense [p’, t’, c’, k’, s’]. The rest consonant sounds are [l, m, n, ŋ].

Influencing dialectical variations, vowels system consists of five front vowels (three unround: [i e ɛ]; two round: [ö ü]) and five back vowels (three unround: [i e a]; two round: [u, o]). The two semivowels are palatal [j] and the labial [w].

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Figure 2.3

Korean Letters and Sounds

Source: http://thinkzone.wlonk.com/Language/Korean.htm

The Korean phonetic syllable structure is ( C) (G) V (C). Therefore, only one optional consonant (C) and one optional glide of semivowel (G) in the onset position, and one optional consonant in the coda position are allowed in Korean speech. The only obligatory element is the nucleus vowel (V) (Young-key Kim, 2001).

In Korean, there is no voicing contrast (Lee and Ramsey, 2000). The position of the sound is affected the way how the sound to be produced. In the initial position there are two ways to pronounce, one is lax sound and one is aspirated. The lax, or plain consonants are produced with a slight puff of air and a

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voicing delay of about 30 to 50 msec, whereas the aspirated one are produced with strong aspiration lasting about 100 msec. If there is any comparison with English, voiceless sound in English are produced in range about 70 to 85 msec. As the result, English speaker are often unable to hear the distinction between two ways of Koreans' sound production. English speakers often label Korean reinforced consonants as voiced sounds though in reality reinforced sounds are voiceless sounds.

In the medial position, between voiced sound, preceded and followed by vowel, the lax consonants are phonetically voiced. Therefore, the word 바 보

(papo) is pronounced as [pʌbo] and the word 고기 (koki) is pronounced as [kogi], etc. In Korean, the changing between voiceless and voiced sound does not affect the meaning. For Koreans /b d j g/ are same to /p t c k/. Then, the consonants in final position are only pronounced as lax consonants or voiceless and unreleased ones. Reinforced consonants and aspirated consonants do not occur in final position.

Among those consonants, there is one consonant which can be pronounced only in the final position, similar to English sound. The sound is /ŋ/. This sound has symbol in a form of circle (o) which has two functions. The first function is the preceding of vowel. In Korean, vowel can not stand by itself. Thus, the (o) is used to precede the vowel so that it sounds. Then, the second function is as the final consonants which sounds /ŋ/. This sound, the velar nasal sound, is never found in initial syllable. It only can be pronounced in the final position. It can

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sound in the beginning of syllable only if the syllable is noninitial. On the other hand, the aspirated and reinforced sound, as well as the fricatives and affricates, can not appear in the end of syllable.

Related to the length of the sound produced, there are two types in Korean, double consonants and simplified consonants. Double consonants or geminates are reinforced consonants because the consonants are produced longer. The example is the word 아빠. This word has /pp/ like in (appa). However, Koreans still has simplified sound or homorganic lax consonants. For example the word 앞

(aph). The plosive will be sounded if the sound is followed by vowel. However, if both of the sounds are consonants the word will be pronounced as [ʌp]. Similar to Lee and Ramsey's theory, Rogers (2005) stated that Korean, especially Hangul, has three classes of obstruents: plain, aspirated, and tense.

Discussing the cross-language between Korean means discussing the effort of labeling the sounds. Though Korean and English have different way of sound production, there are many words in Korean are loaned from English (Song, 2005). Besides, the accent for English loanwords which is used by Koreans is more likely to be British English than North American accent. Having English loanwords, Korean speakers face the problem about absent sounds. Foreign sounds which do not exist in Korean are substituted with native sounds having closest term in quality. In fact, Korean is not as rich as English in fricatives sounds. If English have nine fricatives, namely /f/, /v/, /g/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/,

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and //h/, Korean only has three, namely /s/, /ss/, and /h/. Thus, for English /f/ and /v/, Koreans replace them with the variations of bilabial plosives.

3. Phonological Strategies

Phonological strategies are strategies which are used to solve the problem of sound production. When we talk about cross-language, language strategies will occurred mostly (Schmidt, 1994). This matter is related to accuracy. Sound differences among languages were always occurred. The speakers of certain language will use 'interlingual identification' where they try to identify the way to solve the in-existing sound by replacing with similar sound, omitted, or other strategies.

a. Sound Substitution

The L2 speakers often find difficulties when facing the sounds which are absent in their L1. Thus, they try to label the non-existing sound with the sound that is present in their language and has the closest quality with the L2 sound. Sound substitution often happens to Korean speakers. Jenkins (2009) gave an example of sound substitution done by Koreans when they performed English. Within Koreans writing system, Hangul, labiodental fricatives are absent, so the Korean speakers substitute them with /p/ or /b/. For example, one day a Korean student came into the class, which had English environment, after having his drive test. With the sad expression he announced to his friends 'I pailed'. Another example, one of Korean students who had her lunch with her friends offered her friends a copy of this morning hand out of this morning class delightfully, 'Do you

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want a copy?'. She waved the hand out while she was speaking. However, the friend answered, 'I think milk is better.' Both former examples shows that the sound /f/ is substituted with /p/. Theoretically, Korean writing system has the rule that the sound /f/ will be substituted with /p/, whereas /v/ with /b/.

b. Sound Deletion

Sound deletion is the phonological process where one sound with a syllable is omitted (Jenkins, 2009).There are some types of deletion (Nathan, 2008). The first one is aphesis or apheresis. This is the type of deletion in the initial position of word. [weɪ] can refer to two words, way and away. However, if we talk about sound deletion the former phonetic transcription must be a part of

away /əweɪ/. In this case the schwa sound is omitted.

The second type is syncope. Syncope is a very common deletion where the vowel in the middle of the word is deleted, for example the word family [fæmli]. Lastly, there is apocope. Apocope is usually consonant deletion. The final sound of a word is omitted which is usually placed within consonant cluster.

c. Sound Simplification

Sound simplification is a variation where the certain sound within one syllable is simplified into simple sound. It usually happens within short and long vowel or minimal pair (McMahon, 2002). In certain condition or certain sequence some sounds are sound similar for example [ ]ɛ conomic and [i]conomic. If they are in single words, the contrast between those two sounds is obvious but not within certain circumstance. Another example is minimal pair drill versus trill, and lid

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versus lit. It is possible to hear the contrast in the first pair of word because they are initial consonants. However, the second word pair sometimes is impossible to get the contrast because they are final sound. It also happens in Korean language which does not have minimal pair. Between b/p, d/t, and g/k there is no contrast. In Korean language voiced and voiceless sound do not exist. Amazingly, if the speaker from other language produce the sound randomly, may be they use /p/ or /b/, the Korean addressee still understand.

This strategy is also similar to the rule of one of Korean phonological process, neutralization. One condition which differs the simplification and neutralization is in Korean this process happened only in the last syllable. In Korean final syllable, the slight puff of air sometimes heard in English is impossible. The final sound is never released. Consonants which form the final sound are called pachim (Chang, 1995). However, in Korean not all consonants can be placed in final syllable: /k n t l m p ŋ/. Other sounds which cannot occur in the final syllable will be neutralized as following.

ᄃᄉᄌᄎᄐᄒᄊ

as pronounced as /t/

ᄇᄑ

as pronounced as /p/

ᄀᄁᄏ

as pronounced as /k/

Based on the preceding theory, all the final sounds become voiceless sound. d. Sound Assimilation

Assimilation is linguistic process when one sound becomes more like its neighbor (Nathan, 2008). Assimilation can occur both in preceding or following

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sound. When the sound in the preceding syllable is assimilated to the next sound it is called anticipatory assimilation or regressive assimilation, or simply

leftforward assimilation. When the direction goes forward from the causing sound to the affected sound it is said as perseveratory assimilation, or progressive assimilation, or rightforward assimilation.

Assimilation also has relationship with geminates. Geminates is double consonants sound in sequence (Harris, 1996). Therefore, when assimilation happens and changes one sound to be same to neighbor sound, so that there are two identical sounds, it is named gemination.

e. Insertion

The opposite way of sound deletion is sound insertion. This strategy adds a sound into a word. Nathan (2008) explained two reasons of applying insertion. Firstly, the insertion is done to prevent consonant cluster that violate syllable structure. Secondly, it is applied to ease transition between segments that have multiple incompatible.

There are three major types of insertion divided by the position the sound is placed. The first one is prothesis. In this type, the sound precedes the initial word. For example, the word special becomes [espesial] and Snoopy becomes [esnupi]. The second one is epenthesis. This type inserts a sound in the middle of the word. For example, the word film is pronounced as [fılәm ]. The last type, paragoge, is a kind of insertion which is added in the final word. It is often used by Korean speakers because not all consonants can be placed in final. So, to make

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it sounds, they add vowel in the end of the word, or example, ice [aısә]. It happens because the letter 's' is pronounced as /t/ instead of /s/ in the final. Thus, the speaker add the short vowel, schwa sound, to make it sound.

f. Syllabic Structure

Generally, a word is composed of one or more syllables. One word can have one or more syllables. Syllable itself is a phonological unit built of phonemes (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2007). Phoneme is individual sound represented by certain symbol. Within one word, there are various type of phonemes, such as nucleus, onset, and coda. One syllable should have one nucleus. Nucleus is the core of sound. It is usually vowel, or sometimes it can be syllabic liquid or nasal. One syllable will be named as syllable must be composed of at least one nucleus, without it the syllable does not sound. Letter N is used to be the symbol of it. There are also other individual sounds, onset and coda. Onset is consonants, one or more, which precede the nucleus. While, coda is consonant which follow the nucleus. In the hierarchical structure, which uses syllable tree,

rime occurs as the roof of nucleus and coda or nucleus itself. The following is the example of hierarchical structure of syllable.

(1)

18 Over us əʊvəʳ ʌs 3 2 1 ovəlʌs [ovəl lʌs]

ovə rʌ 1

opəlʌ [opəl lʌ]

19 Sick of sɪkəv 25 - 25 sɪkə

[sɪk kə]

13 sɪkɒ

[sɪk kɒ]

20 Tired of taɪrdɒv 8 1 7 taɪrdɒv 1

taɪrɒ 1

taɪlə [taɪl lə]

taɪrdɒp 4

taɪrnɒp 1

21 Thoughts of θɔːtzəv 1 - 1 tɒt sɒf 1

22 Wave should weɪv ʃʊd 2 - 2 wɪʃaʊd

[wɪʃ ʃaʊd]

1 wɪʃʌ

[wɪʃ ʃʌ]

(2)

23 Love might lɒv maɪt 1 - 1 lɒm maɪ 1

24 Never amount nevəʳ əmaʊnt 1 1 - nevə rəment 1

25 We've made it wiːv meɪd ɪt 1 - 1 wɪmeɪdɪt 1

26 Love songs lʌv sɒŋz 6 - 6 lɒsɒŋ

[lɒs sɒŋ]

27 Leave me liːv mɪ 1 - 1 lɪmɪ

[lɪm mɪ]

28 Thoughts of you θɔːtzəvjʊ 1 1 - tɒtsɒvjʊ

[tɒt sɒv vjʊ]

29 But I've bət aɪv 1 - 1 bərʌ 1

30 Take of teɪkɒv 1 - 1 tekɒ

[tek kɒ]

31 Love you lʌvjuː 1 1 - lɒvjʊ 1

32 You've made it juːv meɪd ɪt 1 - 1 jʊm meɪ dɪt 1

33 Because of bɪkɒzɒv 8 - 8 bɪkɒz ɒ

[bɪkɒz zɒ]

34 You've done 1 - 1 jʊd dʌn 1

35 Of a ɒvə 1 1 - ɒvə 1

36 Goes I've geuzaɪv 1 - 1 geusaɪ 1

(3)

38 Have become hev bɪkʌm 1 - 1 Hep bɪkʌm 1

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APPENDIX 5 Data of /f/ and /v/ Combination in Single Words and Word Groups

No Word/Phrase Standart Phonetic Transcription

Frequency of Pronunciation Variation

Appearance Accuracy Inaccuracy Phonetic Transcription

Frequency of Appearance

1 Even if I _iːvə_nɪfaɪ ₁ _- ₁ _ɪpənɪpaɪ ₁

2 forever fərevəʳ 2 - 2 forefər 1

poevə 1

3 For all of time fɒʳɔːləv taɪm 1 - 1 fɒrɒlɒtaɪm 1

(5)

ii v T C A R T S B A . 2 1 0 2 . i n u y h a W i r T a n a it s ir K a il ir p

A Phonologica lAnalysi son Labiodenta l e v i L n i s r e g n i S n a e r o K h t u o S y b d e c u d o r P s e v it a c i r

F -performanceMusicVideo .

l isitcsrtategie swhichwere y e h t n e h w s r e g n i s n a e r o K y b d e t n e s e r p e r s r e k a e p s n a e r o K e h t y b n e k a tr e d n u e r u t c u rt s e l b a ll y s e h t , n o it c e s s i h t n I .s e v it a c ir f l a t n e d o i b a l , d n u o s t n e s b a e h t d e c a f . d e s u y g e t a rt s e h t r e h tr u f n i a l p x e o t d e y o l p m e o s l a s a w d o h t e m e h

w dardphrase .s

s ฀ ./

o s e t a r u c c a e h t h ti w g n il a e d , n e h

T und produciton, t he srtategy which i nsetred a / s a h c u s l e w o v t r o h

c tfen omitted one consonan t e c u d o r p d l u o c s r e k a e p s n a e r o K s i t c a f r e h t o n A . s e v it a c ir f l a t n e d o i b a l e h t e r o f e b e b d l u o w t i , e li h W . n o it i s o p e l b a ll y s l a it i n i e h t n o e r e w s d n u o s e h t fi s d n u o s e s e h t e s n o , o S . s e l b a ll y s f o d n e e h t t a d e c a l p e r e w y e h t f i t l u c if fi

d tmaximailsm wa s

(6)

ii i v K A R T S B A . 2 1 0 2 . i n u y h a W i r T a n a it s ir K a il ir p

A Phonologica lAnalysi son Labiodenta l e v i L n i s r e g n i S n a e r o K h t u o S y b d e c u d o r P s e v it a c i r

F -performanceMusicVideo .

. y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S : a tr a k a y g o Y it il e n e

f -dental .Ada duat ujuan dalam peneilitan i ni .Petrama ,peneilitan i n i n a t a r u k a e k t a k g n it t a h il e m n i g n

i dar ipenyany iKoreaSelatandalammemproduks i i g e t a rt s n a k p a k g n u g n e m a g u j i n i n a it il e n e p , a u d e K . / v / n a d /

f/ -srtateg iapa saja

d akan untuk

K ngsung .

o e d i v i s a v r e s b o g n e m i r a d n a k l u p m u k i d g n a y a t a

D -video tersebu tadalah data , r a s e b p u r g a m il i d a j n e m i g a b i d t u b e s r e t a t a D . k it e n o f i s p ir k s n a rt k u t n e b m a l a d / v / ,l a g g n u t a t a k m a l a d / v / , a t a k k o p m o l e k m a l a d / f/ , l a g g n u t a t a k m a l a d / f/ u ti a y m o l e k m a l a

d ang digunakan .Petrama ,sound substtiuiton .Disin i f/ /dan /v / , a u d e K . / s / n a d , / m / ,/ w / ,/ p / n a g n e d n a k it n a g i

d sound deleiton ,dimana f/ /dan / v / a y n a d a k a d it e k n a k a n e r a k i d , a g it e K . n a k g n a li h i

d minima lpai rd ibahasa Korea i d a j n e m a r a u s a u m e s a k a

s contohnya /k/ ,//t ,/s/ ,/b/ ,and /฀/ .Selanjutnnya , f/ /dan /v / / i tr e p e s k e d n e p r e t a r a u s n a k p i s i y n e m n a g n e d t a r u k a n a g n e d i s k u d o r p i d t a p a

d ə /

/ n a

d ฀/ .Srtategi i n ibernamainseriton .Adadua spesiifk penyisipan suara yatiu n o s n o K . s i s e h t n e p e n a d e g o g a r a

a katadan suil td iakhi rsuku kata . u ti a n e r a

K onse tmaximailsmdigunakandimanakonsonand icodapindahmenjad i .

t e s n

o Geminaiton juga digunakan sehingga suara-suara tersebu tdapa tbersuara . g n a j n a p n a n o s n o k u a t a i l a k a u d k a y n a b e s t a r u k a n a g n e d c n u k a t a

Phonological analysis on labiodental fricatives produced by South Korean singers in live-performance music video.

:

o

t

d

e

t

a

c

i

d

e

d

s

i

s

i

s

e

h

T

s

i

h

T

t

s

i

r

h

C

s

u

s

e

J

y

l

i

m

a

F

'

R

A

E

B

'

y

M

D

e

h

t

d

n

ᄃᄉᄌᄎᄐᄒᄊ

ᄇᄑ

ᄀᄁᄏ

APPENDIX 5

Data of /f/ and /v/ Combination in Single Words and Word Groups

Parts

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