Character and Characterization Review of Related Theories 1. Psychological Approach

11 and win affection of a cathected abject. To adhere and remain loyal to a friend. Murray 97 Atkinson, Heyns, Veroff in Charles P. Smiths Motivation and Personality 1992 stated, “T he affiliative motive is defined as the desire to establish, maintain, or restore warm relationships with other people” p. 53. This motivation is different with achievement motivation which is centered upon other people not only himself. The high affiliative-motivated person is fond to give priority to keep and make relationship because the affiliative activity could fulfill his need of affiliation. Murray 1964 explains that people with high affiliation-motivated tend to prioritize in socializing with other people. They often make calls, write letters, and come to visit their friends and relatives. In the office, they also like interacting with others. By having this kind of relationship, people would create dependency between one to another. If the contacts happen intensively, it must be sure that affiliative motivation would affect the way how people treat each other. How does the affiliation motive affect performance? The individualistic, achievement-motivated individual works hard when he gets involved in a problem. The person motivated primarily by affiliation, however may not be so involve in getting the job done. People mean more to him than the task. In fact, this sort of person may find it difficult to stay in his room alone to study—he would much rather be at a bull session or out on a date. Murray 102 Affiliative motivation appears in human characteristics through many ways. One of them is from their family. In the family, parents ordinarily offer many things related to affection, such as love, warmth, and security. According to Charles P. Smith 1992, children who experienced insecurity in the primary affiliative relationship very early in life are apt to grow up with an implicit fear of rejection p. 70. In the early age of children, parents must introduce their children how to 12 interact and build affection to the other people. Children absorb anything they see and feel easily, and then they copy it in their life. This affection indirectly builds a comfort feeling to the children and makes them to be dependent. Some general observations suggest that the parents of affiliation- motivated children put more emphasis on close family ties and conformity to parental authority. They seem to encourage dependence rather than independence. Murray 103 Murray 1964 agreed that different gender could bring the different way of living independently. Commonly, women are more dependent than men. They tend to gather with others and build human relationship as many as they could so that they feel safe and comfortable. For one thing, men and women differ in dependence according to some studies. In our cultures, it is less acceptable for a male to be dependent and to seek the comfort of others. Murray 104 There would be possibility for men to be more dependent than women. It depends on how they passed their childhood and the surroundings treated them. From this explanation, it can be concluded that affiliative motivation indirectly affects human behavior. The second motivation which is employed in this study is achievement motivation. Heckhausen 2008 stated that a behavior can be considered achievement motivated when it involves “competition with a standard of excellence” p. 137. Achievement motivation is the people’s needs of reaching and achieving the goal in their life. According to Murray in List of Murrays Social Motives, achievement is: To accomplish something difficult. To master, manipulate or organize physical objects, human beings, or ideas. To do this as rapidly and as 13 independently as possible. To overcome obstacles and attain a high standard. To excel one’s self. To rival and surpass others. To increase self-regard by the successful exercise of talent. Murray 97 Each person has different ways to develop their motives for motivation. These differences are influenced by many factors, such as the place where they live, how they are treated in their family, and so forth. Murray 1965 stated that some specific characters are familiar found in every high-achiever. These are the specifications: What are these high-achieving people like in other ways? They tend to have self-confidence, to like individual responsibility, and to prefer concrete knowledge of the result of their work. They get good grades. They are active in college and community activities, choose expert rather than friends as working partners, and are resistant to outside social pressure. They enjoy taking moderates risks in situations that depend on their own ability, but not when it comes to pure chance situations, such as horserace betting. Murray 100 It is clear that this kind of person is not worried in many things. They are risk- takers, stubborn, and ambitious. Since achievement motivation is only from inside of the person, it is common for the high achiever to work by himself. Being an individual responsibility always becomes his habit because he is used to it. He truly believes in his own ability to solve the problem and it makes him having a high self-confidence. High-achiever gives important contributions to his surroundings but not a good person to live with. He tends to do everything better than before. They avoid doing something routine because it is not challenging. After they finished doing things successfully, it would not be their concern no more. Then, they will find other things to be done.