8 behavior. “His desires and values are likely to pull in different directions. Because
he is in tension, he is also dynamic: capable of new kinds of behavior under new strains” p. 18.
Klarer 1999 agrees with this theory of characters. In his book An Introduction to Literary Studies, he states both typified character flat and
individual character round. The typified character is dominated by one specific trait. Otherwise, the individual character denotes a personal with more complex
and differential features p. 17. The figures in a literary text can either be characterized as types or
individuals. Klarer 1999 states that characters can be rendered into showing and telling as two different method of presentation. First, it is explanatory
characterization telling which describes a person through a narrator. In telling method, the author describes clearly about the character further by using words,
for example: She is calm and well mannered. The reader easily knows the characteristics of the character by reading what are printed in the narration.
Second, it is dramatic characterization showing which does away with the position of an obvious narrator, thus avoiding any overt influence on the
reader by a narrative mediator p. 19. In this method, the reader can freely guess what lies behind all of the actions and dialogs showed by the characters in the
novel. A character is often described as the character in terms of character traits.
This character traits commonly use the descriptive adjectives that tell the specific
9 qualities of the character. The adjective words represent the personal description
of a character learned in a literary work.
3. Theory of Motivation a.
Definition of Motivation
This study needs theory of motivation as one of its review literature. This theory could help answering the second problem formulation, which is about
analyzing Caroline’s motivation as a foster mother to take care of the girl with down syndrome.
According to Huffman 2010, motivation comes from the Latin movere, meaning ‘to move’ p.406. From the meaning given, motivation is expected to
help human move from one point to other points through a process of life. Motivation refers to the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior,
usually toward some goal Huffman, 2010, p. 407. Motivation affects human action in order to achieve their goal. In other words, motivation arranges and
gives strength to behavior. Murray 1964 stated that motivation could be influenced from other
factors, which influence human behavior. He did not cover the reality that all of things happened in human life are able to get the portion of creating someones
behavior. Human behavior is susceptible. Any other unforgettable things, which leave impression, have a chance to change their behavior.
Motivation is distinguished from other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of the person, his physical
capabilities, and the environmental situation in which he finds himself, although these other factors may influence motivation. p. 7
10
b. Human Motives
McClelland 1985 categorizes motivation into four major classes. They are achievement motivation, affiliative motivation, power motivation, and
avoidance motivation. Every action could have one or more motivations as their reason of doing that action. It is only distinguished by the standard in every
motivation. There is a possibility for motivations to complete each other. Power, affiliative, and avoidance motivation are related to others in their surroundings. It
is different from achievement motivation, which comes from his own self. That makes human needs to recognize him so that he can possibly understand what he
wants for real. However, an action is only considered to be achievement motivated
when the drive to perform emanates from within individuals themselves, i.e.,when individuals feel committed to a standard of excellence and
pursue achievement goals on their own initiative.McClelland, p. 137
Affiliative and achievement motivation are chosen to be the appropriate motivations because this study is aimed to analyze human relationship and how a
person drives himself to reach a goal. After analyzing the problem formulation, the researcher decided to take these two motivations as the approach to answer the
second question of the problem formulation. The first motivation employed in this research is affiliative motivation.
This motive relates to human relationship. According to list of Murray social motives, affiliation is:
To draw near and enjoyably co-operate or reciprocate with an allied other an other who resembles the subject or who likes the subject. To please
