5
2. Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a chromosomally transmitted form of mental
retardation caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 Santrock, 2007, p. 68. In this novel, Phoebe suffers from down syndrome. This syndrome
was recognized since she was born. It can be known by analyzing the physical appearance of the victims. They have a round face, a flat-tened skull, an extra fold
of skin over the eyelids, a protruding tongue, and short limbs.
6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses the review of related literature. This chapter consists of three parts. They are theoretical review, theory of psychology, and
theoretical framework. In theoretical review, they are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization. Theory of psychology contains
with theory of motivation. Theoretical framework discusses about the reason putting the theories in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories 1. Psychological Approach
This study employs psychological approach. The psychological approach is an approach, which can be interpreted through human’s experience. Mary
Rohrberger and Samuel H Woods. Jr 1971 have describes the conclusion of the unconscious area of the human mind:
Freud’s exploration of the unconscious area of human mind led him to the conclusion that it was this area that was wellspring of man’s rich
imagination, his capacity for creation, the complexity of his thought and behavior and that the contents of this region of the mind found expression
in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions p. 14.
Psychological approach is employed because this study needs some analyses using theory of human motivation. Through psychological approach, the
Caroline’s motivation to be a foster mother to a down syndrome girl can be
7 revealed by his words, thoughts, and actions. It really helps the writer to interpret
what is on Caroline’s mind when she takes her decision to take care of Phoebe.
2. Character and Characterization
Character is one of the components, which has important role in literary works. Through character, a literary work gets its image from the participation of
each character. Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work,
who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the
persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action. Abrams, 1999, p. 33-34
Character is needed to be the subject of the literary work. In this case, novel is one of the literary works, which puts character to lead the story. Character gives very
big influence in constructing reader’s view of the story in the novel. Klarer 1999 noted, “The individualization of a character, however, has evolved into a main
feature of the genre of the novel” p. 19. Each character has its own way in making the story alive, even though there are major and minor characters. The
author must have reliable reasons why character is put into the story. To get to know further about the character itself, Eastman 1965 divides
types of characters into flat and round character. The flat character is a type, which is consistent. This character avoids to make some problems in his
surroundings. “He is unlikely to engage in inner conflict. Therefore he is not likely to change ; he is static; his responses are predictable p. 18.”
It is the opposite with round character, which is likely to change into someone different. The round or complex character tends to change his
