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did not give treatment to the participants. She only observed and recorded the debate activities, and then, analyzed the gambits used by the debaters.
There were two debate teams in each debate session. Each group consisted of three members. Since the writer observed two debate sessions, the total
participants for this research were twelve people. In the octo-final, there were UGM students as the opposition team and UNIBRAW students as the government
team. In the grand final, there were UNESA students as the opposition team and UNPAD students as the government team.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
In this section, the writer presented the instruments that were used in gathering the data. The instruments were presented as follows:
1. Video Recorder
This instrument was to record the debaters’ performances during the debate sessions. This video was aimed to keep in mind the debaters’ performances
in the event and how the debaters used conversation gambits in their speeches. Then, this video was transcribed to ease the writer in analyzing the data. Each
video had duration for about an hour length. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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2. Interview Guideline
The writer used guided questions to interview the debaters. There were some questions asked to the debaters related to their educational background and
debate they joined to. The interview was done three times with different respondents. The first one was with the debaters after the grand final debate
session. The second one was with the debaters after analyzing the data gathered. The last interview was with the debate trainers after analyzing the data.
The first interview was the interview to gain the information about the background of the debaters. It was an informal interview because it came
spontaneously from the writer. The questions asked was more about the debaters’ educational background and their knowledge about gambits they used in the
debate. The interview flowed naturally and continually based on the answer of the participants.
The second interview was an interview to confirm the analyzed data. It was a formal interview because the writer had planned it before and prepared the
questions. The questions asked in the second interview were about the educational background of the debaters, how long they joined debate, their difficulties in
debate, their preparations for debate, their knowledge about gambits, their confirmations of the used gambits in their speeches, and their purpose on using
the gambits. The second interview focused more on the confirmation and the participants’ point of view in using the gambits. The list of questions that the
writer asked to the debaters was presented in the following part: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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1. Apa jurusan yang Anda ambil di Universitas?
2. Sejak kapan Anda ikut debat bahasa Inggris?
3. Kesulitan apa saja yang Anda hadapi saat debat?
4. Apa saja yang perlu disiapkan untuk mengikuti kompetisi debat?
5. Apakah Anda tahu apa itu Conversation Gambits?
6. Apakah Anda menggunakan gambit-gambit ini?
7. Apa saja fungsi gambit yang Anda gunakan ini dalam debat?
The last interview was also validation interview which was done with the debate trainers. There were three debate trainers as the respondents. In the
following part, the writer presented the list of interview questions: 1.
As debate trainers, do you know what Conversation Gambits is? 2.
If you know it, do you teach the debaters on how to use the Conversation Gambits in their speeches? If not, how do they learn to use the gambits in
their speeches? 3.
Based on my data, the debaters mostly used gambits such as ‘we think that’, ‘we believe that’, ‘the problem is’, and many more. Why do they use those
gambits? 4.
Are those gambits useful and helpful for the debaters? Why is it so? Those were the interview guidelines that the writer made to gain
information related to the study. The complete results of interviews were attached in the appendix 3.
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E. Data Analysis Techniques
