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2.1.4.3 Spoken and Written Language
The definition of literacy includes oracy and literacy Depdiknas, 2003: 4 therefore this curriculum explicitly emphasizes the spoken and written language
through the division of learning process into spoken and written cycle. Each cycle includes four stages and has different objective. For example the target text-type is
recount, at the end of the first cycle that is spoken cycle, the students are expected to retell events orally and perform conversations that have to do with retelling
events. On the other hand, the second cycle that is written cycle demands the students to write recount texts independently at the end of the second cycle. The
learning cycle gradually moves from spoken to written for the reason that language learning is naturally acquired from spoken language and written
language will be difficult to improve if spoken language has not been acquired Depdiknas, 2003: 5.
According to Halliday 1985, written language uses more lexical items within the clause or in other words, it is said to be a language of high lexical
density. Written language employs more complex noun groups, such as noun phrases. Spoken language, on the other hand, employs more clauses within a
clause complex. Thus, it is a language with greater grammatical intricacy. The following example from Halliday 1985 may illustrate the point.
1. Investment in rail facility implies a long-term commitment. written language
2. If you invest in rail facility, this implies that you are going to be committed
for a long term. spoken language
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The subject and object of the written language are realized as two quite complex noun phrases. The subject noun phrase consists of the noun investment that is
postmodified by the prepositional in rail facility that contains the noun facility which is premodified by the noun modifier rail. The object noun phrase consists
of the noun commitment that is premodified by the article a and the noun modifier long-term. The adjunct of the spoken language is realized as the conditional clause
if you invest in rail facility, the object is realized as the nominal clause that you are going to be committed for a long-term. Thus, whereas the written sample
consists of just one simple clause with complex noun phrases, the spoken sample contains three clauses that form a clause complex.
Table 2.2 The Difference between Spoken and Written Language Adopted from Eggins, 1994: 57 as cited in Depdiknas, 2004: 41
Spoken language Written language
• Turn taking organization
• Context dependent
• Dynamic structure interactive
staging; open ended •
Spontaneity phenomena hesitations, interruptions,
incomplete clauses •
Everyday lexis •
Non-standard grammar •
Grammatical complexity •
Lexical sparse •
Monologue organization •
Context independent •
Synoptic structure theoretical staging; losed; finite
• “Final draft” polished: indications
of earlier drafts removed •
“Prestige” lexis •
Standard grammar •
Grammatical simplicity •
Lexically dense
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2.1.5 Recount
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