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approach. When the analyst employs this approach he or she insists that each character’s behavior can be referred to the psychology of human being. So the
characters’ thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly by using this approach. In this thesis the analyzing will focus on the psychological approach.
In this part I adopt some theories to support the analysis. The theories I used are theory of behavior and motivation, theory of relationship, and theory
friendship and the relationship between Psychology and Literature.
2.2.1. The Meaning of Behavior and Motivation
Abrams states that motivation is defined as internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior 282. Motivation
keeps human beings to their goal to prevent from losing his way to achieve his goal. Motivation also makes human beings behave in a certain behavior that
support them in achieving their goal. Therefore, motivation always influences someone’s act or behavior.
Most plays have central motive and in general these are a giant human emotion, which motivated most people in real life: hopes for reward a major
character desires to bring happiness and prosperity to himself or to person whom he loves. All of his actions are planned to hasten the advent prosperity. Love is an
extension of the hope for reward, a character motivated to certain action because of the love which he has, the love which he wants, or the love which someone has
for him. Characters should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament 23-25.
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It requires awareness to know that there is a motivation when individual’s behavior is performed, but it needs at least the understanding of his or her past
time before the individual is able to identify his or her reason that suggest him or her. Jung stated that “The concept of unconscious motives suggests that even with
careful reflection and interrogation the person is unable to identify motives.” The motives are usually formulated when he or she has learned the information about
his or her background 8-9. In his book Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive
Theory, Bandura claims that human’s motivations come from their interpretation about stimulus events which bring them to organize the information they brought
before finally derived them into beliefs that lead them doing a positive or negative action 183. The greater effort can mobilize people into a real action if they are
confident they can do it 301. “One of the cognitively based sources of motivation relies on goal setting and self evaluate reaction to one’s own behavior”
467. Petri in his book Motivation: Theory and Research says that motivation is
the concept that is used to describe the forces acting or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior 3. In this book, Lewin also pointed out that several
forces might at the same time give influence on behavior; this behavior was the result of the total forces acting upon the individual. In Lewin’s theory, “the
behavior of individual is seen in relation to both internal and external forces acting upon individual. Behavior is regarded as the result of the conditions present
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within the person and the psychological environment in which that person is immersed” 225.
Lewin says that the motivation construct that is used for motivation to person was tension. “Tension exists when a potential need becomes a need in
fact.” If one wants to understand behavior, one must understand all the forces that are related to that behavior. According to him, there are two factors that lead
someone to do something; they are physiological needs and psychological needs. Physiological needs related to the physic need, such as hunger, thirst, to
experience specific type of contact and rest; while psychological needs connected to the emotions of someone’s need. It can be going to dance or finish the
homework, it can be anything that satisfied or unsatisfied our deep desire 226- 227.
Abraham Maslow in Petri’s book Motivation: Theory and Research suggests that we are all driven by five motives, they are:
1. Physiological Needs People cannot dispute the fact that psychological needs are the most basic to
human life. All of us will feel better if our body has been fed and watered. All the things that relate to someone’s personality or someone’s behavior will basically
be based on the psychological needs.
2. Safety Needs People might think safe if they have a place that will protect them from any
element and the danger round them. People would not think about going to a
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dance to night if they thought there was going to be disaster tore their house. Safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situation.
3. Belongingness or Love Needs When the inside of the body is well taken care of, then it will have affection
from others, to have companionship in loneliness, those would make someone feel that they are surrounded by people who love them.
4. Esteem Needs When all of the previous three needs are satisfied, this need becomes
important for people. In this need we want to strive for achievement, to demonstrate adequacy, to show others that we are competent and that we can be
independent and free. We also want to have prestige, recognition, and attention for our efforts.
5. Self Actualizations Needs “These are our desires to become all that we are capable of becoming.” Self-
actualization is the total and complete fulfillment of our inner destiny. The self- actualized person is a very positive one. His or her behavior is motivated by a new
set of needs. Self-actualization constantly stimulates people to test their ability and expand their horizons.
“These five begins to appreciate a bit more vital, but not pre-eminent, place that love in the scheme of things.” Needing love is temporary phase of our
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growth, which leads us to the higher motivation such as self-esteem and self- actualization. Just as we do not concern our self with feeding food to survive each
say, so we do not take a proof of our worth by being loved and approved of by people once we have passed that stage 302-305.
2.2.2. The Meaning of Relationship
