community mind. The last one is the Psychological approach, it is used to analyze the pattern of human personality and behaviour p.6-15.
This study uses the sociocultural-historical approach. Through this approach, this study will reveal the social, cultural, and historical background of
the novel’s setting, the Siege of Leningrad. This approach will be fit for this study because it focuses on the historical background that appears in City of Thieves.
This approach can be taken when the text represents what the author actually wrote p.9.
2. Theory of Setting
Setting is physical background which the action of the narrative takes place. Holman and Harmon 2005 state that there are four elements that create a
setting. First element is the actual geographical location, topography, scenery, and physical arrangements like the location of windows in a room. Second element is
the occupations and daily manner of living of the characters. Third element is the period which the action takes place. The last element is the general environment
of the characters like religious, mental, social, or emotional conditions through the people in the narrative move p.645.
Murphy 1972 states that “the setting of the novel is the background against which the characters live out their lives.” There are some novels which
setting take an important role, while the setting in other novel is not that important. The setting of the novel can be said as the place and time in which the characters
live. It brings a significant effect toward the characters’ personalities, actions and ways of thinking p.141.
There are three points to be considered as setting: time, place, and atmosphere. Time of setting is divided into four classfications. The first
classfication is present time, “a writer may choose to write a book about his own time, about the things that are happening around him.” The story background
which the writer writes happened during the time he lives. For example, Oliver Twist
by Dickens, it tells about the injusticies toward poor people in England, the situation pictured in the story happened around Dickens’ time. The second
classification namely past time, shows that “a writer may choose to go backwards in time, to write about historical events, to attempt to illuminate the past to his
readers.” For instance, like what Robert Graves writes in his two novels I, Claudius
and Claudius the God. The story of the novels takes place during the lifetime of Claudius the emperor. Future time is the third classification, “a writer
may in his imagination take his readers into the future.” This kind of time of setting can be seen in The Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess. He is a
modern writer that writes about the anarchy of a future world. The last classification is no spesific time, “a writer may choose to give his readers no
indication of the time in which his story takes place. It takes place, as it were, in no time or any time. They are something like we read on the old fairy stories; they
happen ‘once upon a time’.” It can be seen in Animal Farmby George Orwell p.144.
The next point of setting is place. Place of setting is classified into three kinds, namely familiar place, unfamiliar place and imaginary place. Familiar place
presents that “a writer may choose to set his story in a place which he considers is
