one-third of them died, but not as German captives p.281. There was never had a city of that size endured what Leningrad was to endure during the winter of 1941-
42 p.283.In this study, the Siege of Leningrad refers to the blockade of Leningrad held by Nazi. Therefore, the people in the city must suffer and many of
them had to die.
10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of theoretical review and theoretical framework. Theoretical review presents theory of critical approach, theory of setting, relation
between literature, society, and history, theory of deprivation, review of Leningrad during World War II, and review of related studies. Theoretical
framework describes the contribution of the theories in solving the problem of the study.
A. Theoretical Review
1. Theory of Critical Approach
Rohrberger and Woods 1971 state that criticalapproach is applied as the standard to create a critical judgement toward a work of art. A person can give an
individual critic, but still they need the standards as the base to make some evaluative judgement that way, people can accept it as valuable critic.
They alsostate that there are five approaches that can be used to analyze a novel. First is the Formalist approach which focuses on the total integrity of the
literary work. Second is the Biographical approach which focuses on the importance of the author’s ideas and personal life. Third is the Sociocultural-
Historical approach which describes the social, cultural, and historical background as the references. Fourth is the Mythopoeic approach whichattempts to discover
particular patterns of human thought that shared a same universal belief to certain
community mind. The last one is the Psychological approach, it is used to analyze the pattern of human personality and behaviour p.6-15.
This study uses the sociocultural-historical approach. Through this approach, this study will reveal the social, cultural, and historical background of
the novel’s setting, the Siege of Leningrad. This approach will be fit for this study because it focuses on the historical background that appears in City of Thieves.
This approach can be taken when the text represents what the author actually wrote p.9.
2. Theory of Setting
Setting is physical background which the action of the narrative takes place. Holman and Harmon 2005 state that there are four elements that create a
setting. First element is the actual geographical location, topography, scenery, and physical arrangements like the location of windows in a room. Second element is
the occupations and daily manner of living of the characters. Third element is the period which the action takes place. The last element is the general environment
of the characters like religious, mental, social, or emotional conditions through the people in the narrative move p.645.
Murphy 1972 states that “the setting of the novel is the background against which the characters live out their lives.” There are some novels which
setting take an important role, while the setting in other novel is not that important. The setting of the novel can be said as the place and time in which the characters
live. It brings a significant effect toward the characters’ personalities, actions and ways of thinking p.141.
