affects their products; “because a novelist’s understanding of society is a central determinant in his overall conception of his novel” p.9.
Langland 1984 also gives the result of her observation about the relation among the three centers: character, society, and narrator implied author which
determine the range of function or formal roles for society in the novel: a.
The character is caught in his social environment and the character is in conflict with it. “Individual potential meets social possibility, and the result is
some personal limitation or sacrifice.” b.
The narrator may become get involved in the novel circumtances and makes his presencewill influence the plot. In this type, the narrator makes certain
character from the limitation which is made by the society. c.
Society usunavoidable to influence to the human possibility. The positive characters who have best quality must be destructed by the society.
d. The character and society may be in one harmony. “Society can be flexible
enough to accomodate the full realization of individual possibility”p.11-3.
4. Theory of Deprivation
Discussing about theory of deprivation, there are two kinds of deprivation; relative deprivation and absolute deprivation. As written by Turner, Samuel
Stouffer et al. is the first who mentioned the term of relative deprivation 1949. It is a large-scale psychological study carried out during World War II by a
specialist research branch within the United States War Department. Relative deprivation concept is a comparison between the levels of
deprivation suffered by different groups. There is also absolute deprivation, it is a
deprivation determined against an independent standard of measurement. Meanwhile, relative deprivation is a condition when it is based on a comparison
with the resources of other groups as cited by Turner, 2006, p.503. Deprivation happens when one social group or individual does not have
enough resources to survive or fill the minimum standard to live. Relative deprivation is that similar situation but when it is compared to another group.
Usually deprivation is seen in economy aspect. However, it is not just economy, but there are also deprivation of civil rights, social influence, choices of
geographic location, religious freedom, and other less trangible resources. There are questions about what kind of resources that can be considered as
lacking related to deprivation. The sociologists Hans S. Park and T. David Mason categorize deprivations into those affecting survival needs, belongingness needs,
leisure needs, and control needs. It is not the outsider’s objective measure of deprivation that is important, but the group’s own internal sense of lack as cited
by Turner, 2006, p.349. Charles Booth and SeebohmRowntree state that poverty supposedly
absolute in the sense that it was said to be understood as lack of sufficient money to meet basic physical needs to subsist and survive. Peter Townsend state that
poverty in terms of exclusion from the living conditions, and inability to participate in the activities, is taken for granted by the wider society because of
lack of material sources. His definition uses the relative approach, but it is understood as an objective condition rather than a subjective feeling as in W.G.
Runciman’s formulation as cited by Turner, 2006, p.462. Runciman linked
