Context in Pragmatics Pragmatics

deixis are ‗now‘ proximal form, and ‗then‘, ‗tonight‘, ‗last week‘, or ‗yesterday‘ distal form. The third indexical expression is spatial deixis. ‗Here‘ proximal form and ‗there‘ distal form are the examples of spatial deixis. 2 Implicature Implicature describes about a speaker‘s intended meaning. Horn and Ward 2006: 3 state that implicature is a part of speaker‘s meaning which is considered as an aspect of the meaning of the speaker‘s utterance without being part of the thing which is said. Yule 1998: 40-45 divides implicature into two types, conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Conventional implicature talks about specific words which connect with the additional meaning when the words are used. On the other hand, conversational implicature is the implication of the utterances based on the context. There are 3 types of conversational implicature; generalized implicature, particularized implicature, and scalar implicature. Generalized Implicature happens when language users do not need a special knowledge to interpret the utterances. On the other hand, particularized implicature happens when the language users must make inferences or social knowledge to interpret the utterances. The last one is scalar implicature. It is the choosing of words by the speaker which is expressing a scale or values. 3 Speech Acts Utterances could not only be used to express feelings or ideas, but it could also be used to perform actions. Yule states that the actions which are done by using utterances are called speech acts. There are some descriptive terms to label these utterances, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request 1998: 47. Speech acts consist of three kinds of acts, locutionary acts, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Austin in Levinson, 1983: 236 describes these as: a Locutionary act : a sentence‘s utterance with a sense and reference. b Illocutionary act : an act of producing utterances with force or the speaker‘s intention. c Perlocutionary act: the impact on the hearer which comes with the utterance made by the speaker. In order to make the speech acts to be appropriate or succeeded in certain circumstances, there are conditions which must be existed, namely felicity condition. Yule 1998: 50-51 distinguishes five main categories of it: a General conditions: the participants could understand the language which is used and that they do not pretending to be someone, for example: acting. b Content condition: the content of the utterances which talks about the future event. c Preparatory condition: the understanding of the event whether it will happen by itself, and has a beneficial effect or not. d Sincerity condition: the speaker must be sincere when uttering the utterances. e Essential condition: in making a promise, the speaker commits to do what shehe promises to the hearer; and in making a warning, the speaker turns herselfhimself from non-informing to informing about future event.