Conversation Analysis Literature Review

Turn taking is a principle which could rule who gets to speak in a conversation Wardaugh, 2006: 298. Through turn taking, the participants of the conversation could manage the cooperation in conversation Cutting, 2002: 29. The first speaker of the conversation needs to give some time for the second speaker to make a turn. When the participants give their turns to the other, they could take it for themselves or give it to other participant; those are called local management system Yule, 1998: 72. Conversation usually runs smoothly because the participants try to cooperate by understanding the local management system or a set of unwritten conventions in conversation. In understanding the structure of conversation, Kasper and Blum-Kulka say that there are two aspects to be understood: mechanical aspect and linguistic aspect. The mechanical aspect could be presented with turn taking, and linguistic aspect is presented with adjacency pairs 1993: 46. Furthermore, Levinson 1983: 303 describes that adjacency pairs is part of local management organization in conversation. Adjacency pair is one of a sign that conversation is locally managed or done without any conscious plan because the patterns of adjacency pairs could organize the conversational floor or turn, and make the participants know what to expect from the response which follows what they are saying. Bloomer, Griffths, and Merrison argue that adjacency pairs are related to turn-taking mechanism by the adjacency pair‘s rule; that is if one is finished in producing the first part of adjacency pairs, then one should stop talking and gives opportunity for the next speaker to produce the second part 2005: 62. Thus, adjacency pairs help the participants to know when the other participants‘ floors are ended and when their floors are started. It also assures that there will be next turn in the conversation Wardaugh, 2006: 298.

4. Adjacency Pairs

Most of the conversations come in sequence. According to Deborah, the spoken interaction has structure which the pairs utterances are adjacent or occur one after the other; in other words, the second utterance is related to and dependent on the first one 2001: 96. The participants of the conversation or spoken interaction have the ability to know what is going to happen in the next turn because there are some patterns in conversation which conscious or unconsciously used by people. Thus, the patterns are recognized and the next turn is expected as it is. This structure or pattern is named as adjacency pairs. Deborah 2001: 95 defines conversation as ―one thing after another‖. This statement leads to the idea that conversation starts from one thing which is spoken by a participant, and after that, it is responded by other participant by making the next action of speaking. It is in line with what Liddicoat states that some actions cause other next actions 2007: 106. This is the basic idea which becomes the base of adjacency pairs. According to Schelgoff and Sacks in Aronoff and Rees- Miller, 2001: 437, adjacency pairs is two simultaneous utterances which adjacent to each other. It is one kind of turn taking when the first speaker‘s utterances more likely come in pairs with the response. Cutting 2002: 28 also explains that adjacency pair is the patterns of utterances or in pairs of utterances. In line with Cutting, Yule 1998: 77 also states that adjacency pair is automatic patterns in