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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. The Understanding of Achievement
Yet there are many definitions of learning achievement and much disagreement over its precise nature. These differences in the ory and practice of achievement are
apparent in the various aspects the writer gives in this skripsi. Several expert gives definition about achievement such as Norman stated that
achievement is what pupil has learned.
1
It means that students need a long process in learning to achieve what th ey have done and learnt in those processes, neither in
result process nor in score process. Meanwhile, M. Chabib Thoha quoted Stanley and Hopkins that achievement is
the extents to which a person has achieved something acquired certain information or mastered certain skills, usually as a result of specific instruction .
2
As we know that, students in learning both result and score process, not only acquired knowledge, and
mastered skill, but also students applied their understanding in attitude form. According to concepts above, achievement can briefly defined as what students
able to do in specific skill or certain lesson they have followed in the class for several times.
________________
1
G.E. Norman, Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching , New York: Mc. Millan Publishing, Co., inc, 1976 p. 303.
2
M. Chabib Thoha, Teknik Evaluasi Pendidikan , Jakarta:Raja Grafindo Persada,1996 p.44.
7 At most grade levels, achievement test are the most commonly used procedure
for gathering formal evidence about students learning. These tests may be developed by teacher, text book publisher, or standard test publisher. Every kind of learning
activity would produce a special change, namely learning outcome. This is shown in an achievement given by the students, such as calling the score in alphabet
consecutively.
3
In Wikipedia Encyclopedia, the definition of learning achievemen t is knowledge that you get from studyin g which has done successfully, especially using
your own effort and skill.
4
In line with the quotation above, in Teachers, Schools, And Societies , Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadk er stated, “learning achievement is students’
actions that they have disciplined minds and adhere to traditional morals and behavior. It can be shown from their competency in academic subjects and traditional
skill while they are demonstrating through tests and writings.”
5
From the statement above, the writer concluded t hat students’ competence in academic can be shown
when they perform in several tests and have great value both mind and moral. Meanwhile, Sally Wehmeier et al in Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary
define that learning achievement is a thing that somebody has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill.
6
It can be inferred that a thing and somebody based on the statement above stressed in learning for a thing and students
for somebody. Julian C Stanley in Measurement in Today’s School claimed that achievement in
education means the result of the test designed to determine a students’ m astery of a given academic area.
7
We can determine students’ learning in their score which is indicated the achievement of academic ar ea in education scope.
In line with the statement above, Oemar Hamalik in Metode Belajar dan Kesulitan Belajar stated that learning achievement is new behavior or skill caused by
________________
3
Peter W Airasian and Michael K Russel, Classroom Assessment – Concepts and Applications , sixth edition, New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2008, p.145.
4
http:www.wikipedia.com.free encyclopedia.htm
5
Myra Pollack S and David Miller S, Teachers, Schools, and Societies , New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2005, p.330.
6
Sally Wehmeier eds, Oxford Advance Learner’ s Dictionary, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, 7
th
edition, p. 12.
7
Julian C Stanley, Measurement in Today’s School , New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc , 1964, p.16.
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