Saran Domestikasi udang mantis

V. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1. Simpulan

Udang mantis jenis Harpiosquilla raphidea di Kuala Tungkal mempunyai sebaran cukup luas, mulai dari daerah intertidal hingga daerah subtidal. Daerah intertidal merupakan daerah asuhan nursery ground bagi udang mantis muda. Udang mantis H. raphidea tergolong udang mantis dengan umur panjang, namun pertumbuhannya lambat untuk mencapai ukuran maksimal. Secara umum, laju pertumbuhan udang mantis H. raphidea hampir sama atau tidak jauh berbeda dengan jenis udang mantis lainnya dari ordo stomatopoda, namun mempunyai rentang hidup yang lebih panjang, yaitu 6,7 tahun hingga 8,5 tahun. Alternatif pengelolaan sumberdaya udang mantis di Kuala Tungkal adalah dengan melakukan perlindungan habitat udang mantis dan upaya domestikasi udang mantis H. raphidea yang dilakukan bersama-sama antara pemerintah, baik pusat maupun daerah, dan peneliti, baik dari perguruan tinngi maupun lembaga penelitian.

5.2. Saran

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal untuk mendapatkan informasi biologi udang mantis H. raphidea yang lengkap. Hasil penelitian ini memiliki peran penting sebagai dasar untuk penelitian selanjutnya dalam rangka menggali lebih dalam lagi informasi biologi udang mantis. Beberapa penelitian lanjutan yang penting untuk dilakukan sebagai dasar untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya udang mantis secara berkelanjutan adalah siklus hidup dan dinamika populasi serta jaring makanan udang mantis. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abelló P E Macpherson. 1990. Influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of Pterygosquilla armata capensis Crustacea: Stomatopoda of Namibia. South Africa Journal of Marine Science, 9: 169-175. Abelló P P Martin. 1993. Fishery dynamics of the mantis shrimp Squilla mantis Crustacea: Stomatopoda population off the Ebro delta northwestern Mediterranean. Fish Res., 16: 131-145. Ahyong ST. 2001. Revision of the Australian Stomatopod Crustacea. Records of the Australian Museum, 26: 1-326. Ahyong ST MK Moosa. 2004. Stomatopod crustacea from Anambas and Natuna Islands, South China Sea, Indonesia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, supplement 11: 61-66. Ahyong ST, TY Chan, YC Liao. 2008. A catalog of the mantis shrimps Stomatopoda of Taiwan. National Taiwan Ocean University: 103-121. Anggraeni D. 2001. Studi beberapa aspek biologi udang api-api Metapenaeus monoceros Fabr. di perairan sekitar hutan lindung Angke Kapuk, Jakarta Utara [skripsi]. Jurusan Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Azmarina. 2007. Karakteristik morfometrik udang mantis, Harpiosqiulla raphidea Fabricius 1798, di perairan Bagansiapiapi. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Universitas Riau. Barber PH, MK Moosa, SR Palumbi. 2002. Rapid recovery of genetic diversity of stomatopod populations on Krakatau: temporal and spatial scales of marine larval dispersal. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 269: 1591-1597. Beverton RJH SJ Holt. 1957. On Dynamics of Exploited Fish Population. London : Her Majesty’s Statinery Office. 533p. Carlier A, P Riera, JM Amouroux, JY Bodiou, K Escoubeyrou, M Desmalades, J Caparros, A Gremare. 2007. A seasonal survey of the food web in the Lapalme Lagoon northwestern Mediterranean assessed by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Self Science, 73: 299-315. Cartes JE M Demestre. 2003. Estimating secondary production in the deep- water shrimp, Aristeus antennatus Risso, 1816 in the Catalano-Balearic Basin Western Mediterranean. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 31: 355-361. Conlan KE, GH Rau, RG Kvitek. 2007.  13 C and  15 N shifts in benthic invertebrates exposed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52: 1695-1707. Cronin TW, NJ Marshall, RL Caldwell. 1994. The Intrarhabdomal filters in the retinas of mantis shrimps. Vision Res., 34: 279-291. Cronin TW, NJ Marshall, RL Galdwell. 2000. Spectral tuning and the visual ecology of mantis shrimps. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land. B., 355: 1263-1267. Dawson TE RTW Siegwolf. 2007. Stable isotopes as indicators of ecological change. Ed ke-1. Elsevier. Dell Q W. Sumpton. 1999. Stomatopod by-catch from prawn trawling in Moreton Bay, Australia. Asian Fisheries Science, 12: 133-144. [DPK] Dinas Perikanan Kelautan Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. 2010. Laporan tahunan Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Tahun 2009. Tanjung Jabung Barat. Jambi. Doi H, M Matsumasa, T Toya, N Satoh, C Mizota, Y Maki, E Kikuchi. 2005. Spatial shifts in food sources for macrozoobenthos in an estuarine ecosystem: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64: 316-322. Effendie MI. 1997. Metoda Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri. Bogor. Erdmann MV M Boyer. 2003. Lysiosquilloides mapia, a new species of stomatopod crustacean from Northern Sulawesi Stomatopoda: Lysiosquillidae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51 1: 43-47. Fanelli E, JE Cartes, P Rumolo, M Sprovieri. 2009. Food-web structure and trophodynamics of mesopelagic-suprabenthic bathyal macrofauna of the Algerian Basin based on stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. Deep-Sea Research I., 56: 1504-1520. Fowler J L Cohen. 1992. Practical statistics for field biology. John Wiley Sons Ltd. Chicester, England. Franco AR, JG Ferreira, AM Nobre. 2006. Development of a growth model for penaeid shrimp. Aquaculture, 259: 268-277. Froglia C S Gianinni. 1989. Field observations on diel rhythms in catchability and feeding of Squilla mantis L. Crustacea, Stomatopoda in the Adriatic Sea. Pp. 221-228 in: E. A. Ferrero, ed. Biology of Stomatopods. Mucchi, Modena. Grall J, FL Loc ’h, B Guyonnet, P Riera. 2006. Community structure and food web based on stable isotope  15 N and  13 C analysis of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 338: 1-15. Griffiths CL MJ Blaine. 1988. Distribution, population structure and biology of stomatopods crustacea off the West coast of South Africa. South Africa Journal of Marine Science, 7: 45-50. Halomoan M. 1999. Beberapa aspek biologi reproduksi udang ronggeng Squilla harpax de Haan di perairan Teluk Banten, Serang, Jawa Barat. [Skripsi]. Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. IPB. Bogor. Hamano T, NM Morrissy, S Matsuura. 1987. Ecological information on Oratosquilla oratoria Stomatopoda, Crustacea with an attempt to estimate the annual settlement date from growth parameters. The Journal of Shimonoseki University of Fisheries, 361: 9-27. Hartnoll RG. 1982. Growth. : D.E. Bliss ed.-in-chief dan L.G.Abele ed.. The Biology of crustacea, Embryology, Morphology and Genetic. Academic Press, New York. II:111-195. Heitler WJ, K Fraser, EA Ferrero. 2000. Escape behaviour in the stomatopod crustacean Squilla mantis, and the evolution of the caridoid escape reaction. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203: 183-192. KEPMENLH 2004. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 51 Tahun 2004. Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Biota Laut. Lampiran 3. Kholik A. 2008. Variari genetik, isotop, dan spektra near infrared NIR kayu jati di Jawa. [Tesis]. Sekolah Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor King M. 1995. Fisheries Biology, Assessment, and Management. United Kingdom: Fishing News Books. 341p Kristensen DK, E Kristensen, P Mangion. 2010. Food partitioning of leaf- eating mangrove crabs Sesarminae: Experimental and stable isotope 13 C and 15 N evidence. Estuarine, Coastal and Self Science, 87: 583-590. Kubo I, S Hori, M Kumemura, M Naganawa, J Soedjono. 1959. A biological study on a Japanese edible mantis-shrimp, Squilla oratoria de Haan. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 45: 1-25. Loc ’h FL, C Hily, J Grall. 2008. Benthic community and food web structure on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay North Eastern Atlantic revealed by stable isotope analysis. Journal of Marine Systems, 72: 13-34. Lui KKY. 2005. Ecology of commercially important stomatopods in Hong Kong.[Thesis]. The University of Hong Kong. Hong Kong. Lui KKY, JSS Ng, KMY Leung. 2007. Spatio-temporal variations in the diversity and abundance of commercially important decapoda and stomatopoda in subtropical Hong Kong waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 72 : 635-647. Mamie JCJ. 2008. Stock assessment of shrimp Pandalus borealis Kroyer 1838 in Skjalfandi Bay Northern Iceland. Report: Fisheries Training Programme. The United Nations University. Iceland. Manfrin G C Piccinetti. 1970. Osservazioni etologiche su Squilla mantis L. Note del Laboratorio di Biologia Marina e Pesca – Fano, 3: 93-104. Manning RB. 1969. A review of the genus Harpiosquilla Crustacea, Stomatopoda with description of three new species. Smithsonian Contribution of zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press. City of Washington. Manning RB. 1977. A monograph of the West African Stomatopod Crustacea. Atlantide Rep., 12: 1-81. Moosa MK. 1991. The stomatopoda of New Caledonia and Chesterfield Islands. In: B. Richer de Forges Ed., Le benthos de fonds meubles des lagons de Nouvelle-Caledonie. 1: 149-219. Editions de l ’ORSTOM, Paris. Moosa MK. 2000. Marine biodiversity of the South China Sea: A checklist of stomatopod crustacea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, supplement 8: 405- 457. Ohtomi J, N Nakata, M Shimizu. 1992. Discarding of the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria by small-scale trawlers in Tokyo Bay. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58: 665-670. Ohtomi J M Shimizu. 1994. Theoretical growth during the recruitment period and estimation of growth parameters of the Japanese Mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in Tokyo Bay. University of Tokyo, 581:21-27. Pauly D. 1984. Fish Population Dynamics in Tropical Waters: A Manual for Use with Programmable Calculators. Manila:ICLARM. 325p Rhicoux NB PW Froneman. 2007. Assessment of spatial variation in carbon utilization by benthic and pelagic invertebrates in a temperate South African estuary using stable isotope signatures. 71: 545-558. Schiff H. 1989. Visual input patterns correlated to behaviour and habitat of the mantis shrimp Gonodactylus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 94A: 75-87. Sparre P SC Venema. 1999. Introduksi Pengkajian Stok Ikan Tropis.Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perikanan. Terjemahan dari Introduction to Tropical Fish Stock Assessment. FAO Fish Tech., 306 1: 376p. Shimoda K, Y Aramaki, J Nasuda, H Yokoyama, Y Ishishi, A Tamaki. 2007. Food sources of three species of Nihonotrypaea Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae from western Kyushu, Japan, as determined by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 342: 292-312. Sumiono B BE Priyono. 1998. Sumberdaya udang peneid dan krustase lainnya. Hal. 107-138 in: J. Widodo, K. A. Azis, B. E. Priyono, G. H. Tampubolon, N. Naamin, A. Djamali, eds.. Potensi dan penyebaran sumberdaya ikan laut di perairan Indonesia. Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Stok Sumberdaya Ikan Laut dan P 2 O-LIPI. Jakarta. Walpole RE. 1992. Pengantar Statistika. Edisi ke-3. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. 515 Hal. Wardiatno Y A Mashar. 2010. Biological information on the mantis shrimp, Harpiosquilla raphidea Fabricius 1798 Stomatopoda, Crustacea in Indonesia with a highlight of its reproductive aspects. Journal of Tropical and Conservation, 7: 63-73. Welcomme RL. 2001. Inland Fisheries, Ecology and Management. London: Fishing News Book, A division of Blackwell Science. p358 Zynudheen AA, G Ninan, A Sen, R Badonia. 2004. Utilization of trawl bycath in Gujarat India. NAGA: WorldFish Center Quarterly, 34 27: 20-23. Lampiran 1. Prosedur persiapan bahan untuk analisis isotop stabil Beberapa persiapan yang harus dilakukan sebelum dilakukan analisis stabil isotop adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Seluruh sampel, baik dari isi usus maupun jaringan otot udang mantis, dikeringkan terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan mesin freeze dryer pada suhu -40 o C selama sekitar 48 jam. 2. Kemudian sampel kering tersebut dihaluskan sampai berbentuk seperti serbuk atau tepung. 3. Selanjutnya timbang masing-masing sampel isi usus dan jaringan otot yang berbentuk tepung dengan berat antara 0,6-0,7 mg catat hasil penimbangan berat sampel. 4. Sebagai sampel standar untuk analisis isotop stabil digunakan alanin murni. Timbang alanin dengan berat sekitar 0,8 mg sejumlah 26 sampel catat hasil penimbangan berat alanin. 5. Kemudian masukkan masing-masing sampel ke dalam capsules pressed light atau tin cup ukuran 8 x 5 mm yang terbuat dari bahan aluminium foil. 6. Sebagai blanko, digunakan tin cup sebanyak 6 blanko tanpa diisi sampel 7. Gulung tin cup dan bentuk seperti kubus atau silinder kecil dan padat. 8. Kemudian seluruh sampel dimasukkan kedalam mesin isotop stabil secara berurutan. 9. Mesin isotop stabil dioperasikan. Untuk menganalisis isotop stabil 1 sampel dibutuhkan waktu 10 menit. 10. Nilai hasil analisis isotop stabil langsung tersambung dengan komputer. 40 Lampiran 2. Gambaran proses analisis isotop stabil Freeze Drying Pengeringan Sampel Sampel dihaluskan seperti tepung 41 Penimbangan sampel dan pembungkusan sampel ke dalam Tin Cup 42 Operasional pengukuran 15 N dan 13 C sampel dengan mesin Isotop Stabil Nilai 15 N dan 13 C sampel hasil pengukuran mesin isotope stabil langsung terhubung dan terbaca di komputer 43 Lampiran 3. Hasil analisis perbedaan dua regresi antara regresi struktur populasi udang mantis di daerah subtidal dengan di daerah intertidal Analisis Regresi Struktur Populasi Udang Mantis di Daerah Subtidal Analisis Regresi Struktur Populasi Udang Mantis di Daerah Intertidal 44 Analisis Perbedaan Dua Regresi Fowler Cohen 1992 Daerah Penangkapan nilai b nilai SE Subtidal 1 1,22799 0,05355 Intertidal 2 0,34528 0,00679 Langkah 1: Tentukan nilai b 1 – b 2 b 1 = nilai b subtidal; b 2 = nilai b intertidal b 1 – b 2 = 1,22799 – 0,34528 = 0,88271 Langkah 2: Tentukan nilai SE b1-b2 SE b1 = standard error subtidal; SE b2 =standard error intertidal 2 2 2 1 2 1 b b b b SE SE SE    =  0,05355 2 + 0,00679 2 = 0,00291 Langkah 3: Tentukan nilai t hitung 2 1 2 1 b b itung h SE b b t    t hitung = 0,88271 0,00291 = 16,35 Langkah 4: Tentukan nilai derajat bebas atau degree of freedom df df = n 1 – 2+n 2 – 2 = 1.294 -2+815 – 2 = 2.105 Langkah 5: Tentukan nilai t tabel Nilai t tabel pada df=2.105  adalah 1,960 95 Langkah 6: Bandingkan nilai t hitung dengan t tabel Nilai t hitung = 16,35; sedangkan nilai t tabel = 1,960 95 Dengan demikian: t hitung t tabel 95;99 Kesimpulan: Sebaran udang mantis berdasarkan struktur populasi di daerah subtidal sangat berbeda nyata dengan di daerah intertidal 45 Lampiran 4. Hasil analisis beda dua regresi antara regresi pertumbuhan udang mantis betina dan udang mantis jantan Analisis Perbedaan Dua Regresi Fowler Cohen 1992 Jenis Kelamin nilai b nilai SE Betina 1 1,30285 0,14907 Jantan 2 1,01404 0,13610 Langkah 1: Tentukan nilai b 1 – b 2 b 1 = nilai b subtidal; b 2 = nilai b intertidal b 1 – b 2 = 1,30285 – 1,01404 = 0,28881 Langkah 2: Tentukan nilai SE b1-b2 SE b1 = standard error subtidal; SE b2 =standard error intertidal 2 2 2 1 2 1 b b b b SE SE SE    =  0,14907 2 + 0,13610 2 = 0,04074 Langkah 3: Tentukan nilai t hitung 2 1 2 1 b b itung h SE b b t    = 0,28881 0,04074 = 1,43 Langkah 4: Tentukan nilai derajat bebas atau degree of freedom df df = n 1 – 2+n 2 – 2 = 1.229 -2+880 – 2 = 2.105 Langkah 5: Tentukan nilai t tabel Nilai t tabel pada df=2.105  adalah 1,960 95 Langkah 6: Bandingkan nilai t hitung dengan t tabel Nilai t hitung = 1,43; sedangkan nilai t tabel = 1,960 95 Dengan demikian: t hitung t tabel 95;99 Kesimpulan: Pola pertumbuhan udang mantis betina tidak berbeda nyata dengan pertumbuhan udang mantis jantan 46 Lampiran 5. Hasil lengkap pengukuran kualitas air secara in situ di lokasi penelitian ABSTRACT ALI MASHAR. Resources Management Mantis Shrimp Harpiosquilla raphidea Fabricius, 1798 Base on Biological Information in Kuala Tungkal, District Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. Under direction of YUSLI WARDIATNO AND ISDRADJAD SETYOBUDIANDI This study aims to assess the distribution of population structure, growth, potential food sources, and exploitation rate of mantis shrimp Harpiosquilla raphidea Fabricius, 1798 as the initial and the basis information for sustainable management of mantis shrimp. This research was conducted in Kuala Tungkal, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan from July 2009 to December 2010 and partially carried out periodically. The results showed the difference in group size distribution is quite clear between the mantis shrimp are caught in the intertidal and subtidal areas. Mantis shrimps in the intertidal area were in the range of 25-233 mm length is dominated by the size of 79-96 mm, while the mantis shrimp in the subtidal area in the range of 160-366 mm length which is dominated by the mantis shrimp the size of 193-258 mm. Growth coefficient K H. raphidea is 0.14 for males and 0.11 for females; and L ∞ is 381.68 mm same for males and females. The value of K H. raphidea is same relatively with some other mantis shrimp species, such as Squilla mantis, Oratosquilla oratoria, and O. stephensoni, but H. raphidea have a longer life span, which is 6.7 to 8.5 years. The value of exploitation rate E H. raphidea is 0.42; showed that the exploitation rate of mantis shrimp in Kuala Tungkal, Jambi, is not optimum yet. Stable isotope analysis results indicated that the potential food source for shrimp mantis H. raphidea, especially in the intertidal area, is the group of deposit feeders, filter feeders, and plankton. Alternative resource management for mantis shrimp in Kuala Tungkal is habitat protection and domestication of mantis shrimp. Keyword: Harpiosquilla raphidea, population distribution, growth, potential food source, exploitation rate

1. PENDAHULUAN