as the planner, the data collector, the data analyzer, and the reporter of the research findings Bogdan and Biklen, 1982:27. Hence, in this research, the
researcher herself acted as the main instrument. Moreover, the secondary instrument employed in this research was the data sheet. The data sheet was used
to record the findings of the research.
C. Forms, Contexts, and the Sources of Data
Qualitative research is a type of research which describes written or oral data obtained from the subject of the research Bogdan and Biklen, 1982:39-48.
Therefore, according to Lofland in Moleong 2001:157, the main data of descriptive qualitative research are words or pictures instead of number. Since the
research employed a descriptive qualitative research, the data of the research were the utterances of Ellen and the guests of Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11. The
data were in the forms of words, phrases, clauses and sentences containing repair. The contexts of the data were the dialogues between Ellen and the guests of the
show. In addition, the data sources of the research were the videos of the first five episodes
of Ellen
DeGeneres Show
season 11
downloaded from
www.youtube.com and the transcript of the interview sessions of the show.
D. Techniques of Data Collection
There are some data collection techniques in qualitative research. According to Vanderstoep and Jhonston 2008:189, the commonly used data
collection techniques in qualitative research are interviewing, ethnography observation, analysis of documents and material culture, and visual analysis.
Visual analysis technique was employed in this research. It was appropriate to be employed in this research because the research analyzed the interview sessions in
Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11 from episode 1 up to episode 5. Overall, the steps of data collection of the research were explained below:
1. the videos of Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11 from episode 1 to episode
5 were watched and listened, 2.
the transcript of the show was made, 3.
the accuracy of the transcript and the videos were cross-checked, 4.
the conversations containing repair were categorized into the particular classification, and
5. the data were recorded into data sheet.
E. Techniques of Data Analysis
Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009:201 divide five methods in analyzing data. They are ethnography, phenomenology, case study, textual analysis, and
applied research. The research focused on analyzing conversations in the interview sessions, therefore the most appropriate method was textual analysis.
Textual analysis is used to identify and interpret a set of verbal or non-verbal signs Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009:210.
The steps of data analysis of the research were described below: 1.
the data from the transcript were observed and recorded in the data sheet, 2.
the data were classified into the data sheet based on the formulation of the problem,
3. the data were described, the formulation of the problem was answered and
conclusions were made, and 4.
the trustworthiness was confirmed through triangulation of the data.
Below is the model of the data analysis
Code Data
Types of Repair
Repair Operations Discussion
T1 T2
T3 T4
O 1
O 2
O 3
O 4
O 5
O 6
O 7
O 8
O 9
O 10
O 11
O 12
O 13
O 14
O 15
O 16
O1 7
52E3 T1O2
Ellen : And and, it
does, it feels fresh and yet still you and
the song you’re singing today I love
and it’s beautiful so I’m happy to see you
again. Celine
: Seven years, my friend.
Ellen
: Yeah, Let’s do it, not so long
next time. Celine
: I’ll try to come visit doctor
more often so I can see you more.
Ellen
: Alright, do it. No, I’ll come to see
you too.
Alright, Celine is gonna back
a little later perform her hit, her new hit
song and
it’s beautiful song. We’ll
be back alive, right? Thank you so much.
Celine
: Thank you. √
√ Ellen
tells the
audiences that
Celine is going to sing her new song
after the comercial break. In the middle
of her utterance, Ellen realizes that
she makes mistake. She initiates repair
by cutting off her on-going utterance
then, she completes the
repair by
employing inserting.
Ellen inserts
a new
element in
her utterance
which modifies the word
hit. The additional element function to
specify the
preceding word.
Note: 1 : Number of datum
E1 : Episode 1 T1 : Self-initiated self-completed repair
T2 : Self-initiated other-completed repair T3 : Other-initiated self-completed repair
T4 : Other-initiated other-completed repair O1 : Replacing
O7 : Sequence-jumping O13 : Confirmation
O2 : Inserting O8 : Recycling
O14 : Explanation O3 : Deleting
O9 : Reformatting O15 : Rejection
O4 : Searching O10 : Reordering
O16 : Combination O5 : Parenthesizing
O11 : Repeat O17 : Clarification
O6 : Aborting O12 : Rephrasing
