2. to identify the repair operations in the first five episodes of Ellen DeGeneres
Show season 11.
D. Research Significance
The research is expected to be useful theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is expected to enrich linguistic research, especially
research on conversation analysis. Practically, this research is expected to contribute more understanding to the students of English Department about conversational
phenomenon, especially repair. Also, this research can be a reference for conversation analysis research.
6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Reviews
This part discusses pragmatics, conversation analysis, and a brief description of Ellen DeGeneres Show.
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of language in use. It focuses on how a speaker uses language in a certain context for a particular purpose. In other words, pragmatics
focuses on what the speaker means by hisher utterance. Moreover, this study also examines how
the speaker’s intention is delivered to the addressee or the recipient and how the recipient makes an interpretation. Stalnaker 1972:383 states that
pragmatics is the study of language, acts and contexts as cited in Horn and Ward, 2004:xii. Yule 1996:3 also defines pragmatics as an approach to study how the
meaning of the utterance uttered by the speaker is interpreted by the listener. Furthermore, Yule 1996:3 defines four areas of pragmatics. The first is
„pragmatics as the study of speaker’s meaning’. It means that rather than only focuses on the meaning of an utterance, pragmatics focuses on analyzing
what the speaker’s intends to say with their utterance.
The second area is „pragmatics as the study of contextual meaning’, which means that the context is crucial for the recipient in order
to make an interpretation of the speaker’s utterance. The third area is „pragmatics as
the study of how more gets communicated than is said’. The study examines how the
unstated meaning is communicated to the recipient and how she interprets it. The last area
of pragmatics is „pragmatics as the study of the expression of relative distance’. It means that the speaker’s decision to decide what should be said and what should
not be said depends on the relationship between the speaker and the recipient and the common knowledge and experience shared by the participants.
There are six domains of pragmatics theory, namely deixis, presupposition, implicature, cooperative principle, speech act and politeness. The first domain is
deixis. Deixis is a term borrowed from Greek which means „pointing’ Levinson,
1983:54. Deixis is used to specify the referent of the speaker’s utterance. Yule
1996:9 defines three types of deixis; they are person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. Person deixis is used to indicate
person or the participant’s role in a conversation. Spatial deixis is deixis to indicate the location of things or people.
Temporal deixis is deixis functioning to indicate time. The second domain of pragmatics is presupposition. Presupposition is the
speaker’s assumption toward the background belief of an utterance. In presupposition, the truth of an utterance is taken for granted. It means that
presupposition is assumed to be already known by both the speaker and the recipient Yule, 1996:25. According to Yule 1996:26, presuppositions are divided into six
types. They are existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition and counter-
factual presupposition.
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