making the audiences enjoy the show. This talk show discussed diverse topics and issues, namely, celebrities, ordinary people with extraordinary and inspiring stories
and musical performers.
B. Previous Related Studies
Related to conversation analysis, especially the topic of repair, there are many research that have been conducted. Dr. Ahmad Mohammad Ahmad Al-Harahseh is
one of the researchers who conducted a research related to repair. In his journal entitled Self-Initiated Repair Structures in Jordanian Spoken Arabic 2012, he
focused on the structures of self-initiated repair in Jordanian Arabic. He analyzed self-initiated repair from pragmatic and discoursal perspectives.
Dr. Ahmad Mohammad Ahmad Al-Harahseh found 1595 self-initiated repair in the conversation among the participants of the research. His findings showed that
there are ten self-initiated repair structure in Jordanian Arabic. They are expansion, hesitation, repetition, replacement, abort and restart, abort and abandon, insert, delete,
meta repair, and modify order. The frequency of occurrence of expansion in self- initiated repair is higher than other self-initiated repair strategies in Jordanian Arabic.
The findings of the research also show that Jordanian speakers tend to repeat words. The repetition is aimed for retrospective repairing and prospective planning.
Moreover, the findings of the research show that self-initiated repair strategies were used in conversation with sensitive topics, such as sexual and political topic.
Other researchers who conducted an analysis of repair are Zahra Fotovatnia and Afrooz Dorri. Their research entitled Repair Strategies in EFL Classroom Talk
2013, investigated the repair strategies employed by Iranian male and female intermediate EFL learners in classroom talk. In their journal, Zahra and Afrooz also
investigate whether repair strategies were performed differently based on the class type, the gender of the students and the gender of the teachers. The findings of the
research showed that students in single classes use repair strategies more frequently than mixed classes and there is no difference in using repair strategies based on the
gender of the students and the teachers. Charlotta Plejert is another researcher who conducted a research about repair
phenomena. In her doctoral dissertation entitled To Fix What’s Not Broken: Repair
Strategies in Non-Native and Native English Conversation 2004, she analyzed the differences and similarities of the repair phenomena between native and non-native
speakers. She focused on the trouble sources occurred in the conversation between native speakers and non-native speakers and the repair strategies employed by both
native and non-native speakers. The findings of the research showed that repair phenomena occurred in conversation between native and non-native speakers were
similar with repair phenomena among native speakers. Chihsia Tang also wrote a research related to repair phenomena. In her
research entitled Self-Repair Devices in Classroom Monologue Discourse 2011, she analyzed repair from different approach. She employed pragmatic approach to
analyze the data. She investigated repair in monologue instead of dialogue. She included Grice Maxims in her research to identify the types of the trouble source,
how it violated the maxims, and to identify the repair function. Her research showed that each maxim violation related with particular repair strategies.
This research and the previous researches conducted by Dr. Ahmad Mohammad Ahmad Al-Harahseh, Zahra Fotovatnia and Afrooz Dorri, Charlotta
Plejert, and Chihsia Tang are similar and different in some ways. This research chooses a talk show as the object of the research while the objects of the previous
research are classroom talk, spontaneous conversation, and monologue. Yet, this research and the four research mentioned above are similar in terms of the focus of
research. The investigation is focused on types of repair and repair strategies.
C. Conceptual Framework
This research analyzes the repair phenomena in Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11. The researcher analyzed the repair phenomena by employing the theory of
conversation analysis from pragmatics perspective. This research employs conversation analysis approach since the research deals with spontaneous
conversation in a talk show, especially in interview session. This research focuses on types of repair and repair operations occurred in the talk show. In conducting this
research, descriptive qualitative research is employed. In analyzing the types of repair, t
he researcher employed Schegloff et al’s theory. They developed four types of repair. They are self-initiated self-completed
repair, other-initiated self-completed repair, self-initiated other-completed repair, and other-initiated other-completed repair.
In performing repair, the participant employs an operation to initiate and complete the repair. Schegloff proposed 10 repair operations namely replacing,
inserting, deleting, searching, parenthesizing, aborting, sequence jumping, recycling, reformatting and reordering. Beside Schegloff, Zhang, a linguist, also developed six
repair operation. They are repeat, rephrasing, confirmation, explanation, rejection, and combination.
Figure 1. Analytical Construct
Context
Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11
A Conversational Analysis of Repair in Ellen DeGeneres Show season 11
PRAGMATICS
Speech act
PP Conversation
Analysis etc
Turn- taking
Adjacency pairs
Preference organization
Repair
Types: 1. Self-initiated self-
completed repair 2. Self-initiated other-
completed repair 3. Other-initiated self-
completed repair 4. Other-initiated other-
completed repair Operations:
1. Replacing 2. Inserting
3. Deleting 4. Searching
5. Parenthesizing 6. Aborting
7. Sequence-jumping 8. Recycling
9. Reformatting 10. Reordering
11. Repeat 12. Rephrasing
13. Confirmation 14. Explanation
15. Rejection 16. Combination
