39 40.
Chris : You got a dream... you gotta protect it. Direct : The speaker suggests the hearer to give protection as the speaker says,
Indirect : The speaker orders the hearer to do what the speaker says. 41.
Chris : If you want something, go get it. Direct : The speaker suggests the hearer to get something he want.
Indirect : The speaker orders the hearer to do what the speaker says. 42.
Chris : Let’s go Direct : The speaker invites the hearer to go.
43. Chris : Come on, come on. Keep up.
Direct : the speaker asks the hearer to do what the speaker say.
4.3. Linguistic Classification of Directives
This classification of directives is based on their linguistic forms. There are four ways of classifying directives based on their syntactic structure, they are to show
that English certainly has many ways of expressing directives.
4.3.1. GROUP A: Directives Expressed in Verbal Question
Questions are sentences marked by one or more of these criteria : a.
The placing of he operator immediately in front of the subject : -
Will Jack speak to you today? b.
The initial positioning of an interrogative or the WH-element -
Who will speak to you today? c.
Rising intonation
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Jack will speak to you? Whereas, verbs can be divided into two types:
a. Lexical: watch, write, read, walk, etc.
b. Auxiliary: b.1 primary auxiliary: do, have, be.
b.2 modal auxiliary: can, may, shall, will, could, might, should, would, must, ought to, used to, need, dare.
Verbal questions which can express directives in this group are the questions of the first type that places auxiliary verb immediately in front of the subject. Below
are the classifications: -
Can you at least put the dog upstairs in your room or something? -
Can you beat your little rug, when nobody’s out here? -
Can not talk to you about numbers right now
4.3.2. GROUP B – Directives Expressed with Verb in the Stem Form
Many English lexical verbs have five firms: the BASE STEM, the –s FORM, the –ING PARTICIPLE. One of the functions of the verb in stem form is to construct
imperative. Imperative are used to normally in performing command or order. Directives of group B are as follows:
1. Just relax, okay?
2. Come here, calm down
3. Let’s get ready for bed
4. Put your plate in the sink
5. Do not talk to me like that
6. You take care
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So go ahead 8.
Say goodbye to it 9.
So you are not supposed to learn taht 10.
Come on 11.
You should’ve seen me out there today 12.
Wait a second 13.
Let me see it 14.
Give it here 15.
Listen 16.
See 17.
Just flip around 18.
Look 19.
Wait a minute. Hold it, hold.... 20.
Hold on one second 21.
Go ahead 22.
Do not take my son away from me again 23.
Get the hell out of here 24.
Stop 25.
You gotta get Christopher from day care 26.
Just keep him for the night... 27.
Take him to the park 28.
Just bring me my son back 29.
Let’s go 30.
Do no t ever let somebody.... 31.
You got a dream...you gotta protect it
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Come on, come on. Keep up
The directives of group B above can be categorized into 4 types, they are: 1.
Directives of Group B without a subject -
It has no subject, -
It has an imperative finite verb the base form the verb without endings for number or tense
The examples are in verses: 1.
Just relax, okay? 2.
Come here, calm down 3.
Put your plate in the sink 4.
So, go ahead 5.
Say goodbye to it 6.
Come on 7.
Wait a second 8.
Give it here 9.
Listen 10.
See 11.
Just flip around 12.
Look 13.
Hold on one second 14.
Go ahead 15.
Get the hell out of here 16.
Stop 17.
Just keep him for the night
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Come on, Linda 19.
Take him to the park 20.
Just bring me my son back 21.
Come on, come on. Keep up.
2. Directives of Group B with a subject
It is implied in the meaning of a command that the omitted subject of the imperative verb is the second person ‘you’. This is confirmed by the occurrence of
‘you’ as subject of a following tag question open the door, will you?. there is a type of command in which the subject ‘you’ is retained, differing from the subject of a
finite verb in always carrying stress: -
You take care -
You should’ve seen me out there today -
You got a dream, you gotta protect it -
You gotta get Christopher from day care
3. Directives of Group B with Let
The examples are: -
Let’s get ready for bed -
Let me see it -
Let’s go
4. Negative Directive of Group B
To negate second and third person imperatives, one simply can add ‘not’ after the verb, as in verses:
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Do not talk to me like that -
You are not supposed to learn that -
Do not take my son away from me again -
Do not ever let somebody....
4.3.3. GROUP C – Directives Expressed in Pronominal Question
