Techniques of Data Collection

B. Data and Source of Data

Data are the result of systematic observation, consisting of the “given things” that researcher analyzes, either about texts, people, or situations Johnstone, 2000: 22. It serves as the ground on which the findings are based Polkinghorne, 2005: 138. The data of this research were in form of conversations of the schizophrenic character reflecting hallucination, delusion, and formal thought disorder phenomena. The context or situation of the conversations and the behavior which reflected such phenomena were also taken as data since the research also observed abstract phenomena, i.e. hallucination and delusion, which existence could not always be observed via spoken language. Meanwhile, the data were taken from The Uninvited movie.

C. Techniques of Data Collection

According to Polkinghorne 2005: 138, the purpose of data collection in qualitative research is to provide evidence for the phenomena it is investigating. Since it is a qualitative research, therefore, the researcher acted as the key data- collection instrument. It is in line with Lincoln and Guba 1981 in Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009, 188-189 who strongly advocate that the best instrument for qualitative research is human being, for human instruments are shaped by experience and they can respond and adapt to research encounter. As the key instrument, the researcher designed, collected, analyzed, interpreted, and finally reported the data of the research findings. Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009: 189 mention four data-collection techniques in qualitative research. Those are interviewing face-to-face question- and-answer process, ethnographic observation observing people enacting culture, analysis of documents and material culture written texts or cultural artifacts, and visual analysis e.g., interpretation of mediated text such as films or television programs. This research employed visual analysis technique since the data were taken from a movie. Besides, this research also employed note taking and observational techniques. The verbal and behavioral communication of the main character as a schizophrenic in the movie were observed and noted. In addition, several activities to collect the data were conducted. Firstly, the movie was watched carefully to see hallucination, delusion, and formal thought disorder phenomena. Then, while the movie was being watched, the schizophrenic conversations of the main character in the movie were noted at the time each of the hallucination, delusion, and the formal thought disorder phenomena occurred. In this step, the available movie subtitle was helpful. Next, a data sheet was made to group the data based on classification. After that, the data were subsequently coded. Finally, the data were categorized based on the classification. The data sheet was made to make the classification become easier and more structured. The data sheet was arranged as follows. 37 Table 1. Data sheet of the types of hallucination, delusion, and FTD reflected in the schizophrenic conversations of the main character in The Uninvited movie Code Conversations Types of Hallucination Types of delusion Types of FTD Explanation ITS DTL ND A D V S T C O F G T D Gd D Gt S D P D D R D TC P S W G L S P W P St P L P I D T xx --:--:-- xx --:--:-- Total data of each types of hallucination, delusion, and FTD a b c d e a b c d e f a b c d e f g h TOTAL NUMBER OF THE DATA a+b+c+d+e a+b+c+d+e+f a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h Note: xx = Datum number xx DGd = Delusion of grandeur ND = Non-specific dysregulation --:--:-- = hour:minute:second DGt = Delusion of guilt PS = Poverty of speech AD = Auditory hallucination SD = Somatic delusion WG = Weakening of goal VS = Visual hallucination PD = Persecutory delusion LS = Looseness TC = Tactile hallucination DR = Delusion of reference PW = Peculiar use of word OF = Olfactory hallucination DTC = delusion of thought control PSt = Peculiar sentence GT = Gustatory hallucination a-h = Total data of each type of hallucination, delusion, PL = Peculiar logic Bolded wordssentences are data of hallucination and FTD PI = Perseveration of idea Underlined wordssentences are data of delusion ITS = Impoverishment of thought and speech DT = Distractibility Italic wordssentences are data of FTD DTL = Disorganization of thought and language

D. Data Analysis