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2 Recognize the communicative functions of written texts, according
to form and purpose. 3
Infer context that is not explicit by using background knowledge. 4
From describe events, ideas, etc., infer links and connections between events, deduce causes and effects and detect such relations
as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization and exemplification.
5 Distinguish between literal and implied meanings.
6 Detect culturally specific references and interpret them in a context
of the appropriate cultural schemata. 7
Develop and use a battery of reading strategies, such as scanning and skimming, detecting discourse markers, guessing the meaning of
words from context, and activating schemata for the interpretation of text.
6. The strategies of reading comprehension
Brown 2001: 306-311 also states as follows: the assessment of reading can imply the assessment of a storehouse of reading strategies, as indicated in
macro skill item number 7. Aside from simply testing the ultimate achievement of comprehension of a written text, I may be important in some
contexts to assess one or more of storehouse of classic reading strategies. The
brief taxonomy of strategies below is a list of possible assessment criteria.
He mentions some principles strategies for reading comprehension as follow: a.
Identify your purpose in reading the text. b.
Apply spelling rules and convention for bottom-up decoding.
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c. Use lexical analysis prefixes, roots, suffixes, etc. to determine meaning.
d. Guess at meaning of words, idioms, etc. when you are not certain.
e. Skim the text for the gist and for main ideas.
f. Scan the text for specific information names, dates, key words.
g. Use silent reading techniques for rapid processing.
h. Use marginal notes, outlines, charts, or semantic mapsclustering for
understanding and retaining information. i.
Distinguish between literal and implied meanings. j.
Capitalize on discourse markers to process relationships. Many experts define theories on reading comprehension. Synthesizing
from the explanations above, Reading comprehension involves instructional techniques and activities that are scientifically valid, moving from how to
assess reading comprehension to teach students how to flexibly and effectively use multiple comprehension strategies. Furthermore, reading
comprehension is important in reaching the goal of reading. To come into goal, reading comprehension passes through three different levels of thinking
that is literal, inferential and critical comprehension that can be applied to reading comprehension. Literal comprehension includes: finding the fact,
finding the general information, and guessing the meaning of unfamiliar words. Meanwhile, inferential comprehension involves: identifying the man
idea, identifying the title, the type, the generic structure, the purpose of the text and getting the implicit information. In addition, critical comprehension
includes: interpreting, analyzing, evaluating the meaning based on the context and also making judgment.
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7. The Reading Process
