21 when
after + subject and verb = a time clause before
while
d. Past Progressive Tense
According to Azar 1989: 24, past progressive tense has some functions. The past progressive expresses an activity that was in progress, was occurring,
was happening at a particular time in the past. It is also used to express two actions that occured at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in
progress when the other action occurred. Sometimes, it is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.
For examples: [15] I sat down at the dinner table at 6:00 p.m. yesterday. My friend came to
my house at 6:10 p.m. I was eating dinner when my friend came.
Sentence [15] shows an action that eating was in progress at 6:10 p.m when my friend came.
[16] While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room. Azar, 1989: 24
Sentence [16] shows two actions which both parts of clauses were in progress. It happened simultaneously.
The forms of past progressive tense are described in Figure 2.5. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
STATEMENT I
He was working when the phone rang. She
It You
We were working They when the phone
rang.
NEGATIVE I
He
was notwasn’t working when the
She phone rang It
You We were not working
They when the phone rang
QUESTION I
Was he working when the phone rang?
she It
You Were
We working
They when the phone rang?
SHORT ANSWER
I Yes, he was.
she it
I No, he
wasn’t.
she it
you Yes, we were.
they you
No, we
weren’t.
they
Figure 2.5: The Summary of Formulations of the Past Progressive Tense
Past progressive form needs past form of be. They are was, were. They are followed by verb
–ing.
e. Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened or never happened before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it
happened is not important Azar, 1989: 29. The forms of the present perfect tense are described in Figure 2.6.
23
STATEMENT
a I have finished my work. b Jim has eaten lunch.
The basic form of the present perfect:
HaveHas+Past Participle
NEGATIVE a I
have not haven’t finished my
work.
b Jim has not hasn’t eaten lunch.
Have + not = haven‟t Has + not = hasn‟t
QUESTION Question word + helping verb + Subject + Main Verb
have you finished your work? How long has Jim eaten lunch?
have you lived here? A: Have you seen that movie?
B: Yes, I have. OR
No, I haven’t.
A: Has Jim eaten lunch? B: Yes, he has. OR
No, he hasn’t. The helping verb have or
has
is used in the short answer
to a
yesno question.
Figure 2.6: The Summary of Formulations of the Present Perfect Tense
The examples of Present Perfect sentences are as follows.
[17] They have moved into a new apartment. [18] Have you ever visited Mexico?
[19] I have never seen snow.
Present Perfect Tense also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time is also not important.
[20] We have had four tests so far this semester. [21] I have flown on an airplane many times.
When it used with for or since, it expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. There are differences between since and for. Since is
used for a particular time. Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time: an hour, a day, a month, a year, and others. Since expresses the idea that an
activity began at a specific time in the past and continues to the present. Since PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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