23
STATEMENT
a I have finished my work. b Jim has eaten lunch.
The basic form of the present perfect:
HaveHas+Past Participle
NEGATIVE a I
have not haven’t finished my
work.
b Jim has not hasn’t eaten lunch.
Have + not = haven‟t Has + not = hasn‟t
QUESTION Question word + helping verb + Subject + Main Verb
have you finished your work? How long has Jim eaten lunch?
have you lived here? A: Have you seen that movie?
B: Yes, I have. OR
No, I haven’t.
A: Has Jim eaten lunch? B: Yes, he has. OR
No, he hasn’t. The helping verb have or
has
is used in the short answer
to a
yesno question.
Figure 2.6: The Summary of Formulations of the Present Perfect Tense
The examples of Present Perfect sentences are as follows.
[17] They have moved into a new apartment. [18] Have you ever visited Mexico?
[19] I have never seen snow.
Present Perfect Tense also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time is also not important.
[20] We have had four tests so far this semester. [21] I have flown on an airplane many times.
When it used with for or since, it expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. There are differences between since and for. Since is
used for a particular time. Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time: an hour, a day, a month, a year, and others. Since expresses the idea that an
activity began at a specific time in the past and continues to the present. Since PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24 may also introduce a time clause, a subject and verb may follow since. The
present perfect is used in the main clause; the simple past is used in the since clause
. For is used for duration of time. For is followed by the mention of a length of time: two minutes, three hours, four days, five weeks, and others. The
use of present perfect in a sentence with for + a length of time means that the action began in the past and continues to the present. For examples:
[23] I have been here since
seven o‟clock.
[24] We have been here for two weeks.
f. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
The tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When it has this meaning, it is used with time words
such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week. The forms of the present perfect progressive tense are as follows.
HAVEHAS + BEEN + -ING I have been living here since January.
Bob has been studying for two hours. Form of the present perfect
progressive: Havehas + been + -ing
How long have you been living here? How long has Bob been studying?
Question form: Havehas + subject +
been + -ing
Figure 2.7: The Summary of Formulations of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense
[25] I have been sitting
here since seven o‟clock.
[26] I have been sitting here for two hours. [27] It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.
25 When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a
general activity in progress recently, lately. For examples:
[28] I have been thinking about changing my major. [29] All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week.
With certain verbs for example live, work, teach, there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses present perfect and present perfect progressive
when since or for is used.
[30] He has worked at the same store for ten years. [31] He has been working at the same store for ten years.
Both sentence [30] and sentence [31] have no difference. They have essentially the same meaning.
g. Past Perfect Tense
This tense is used to express an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past. The forms of the past perfect tense are as follows.
AFFIRMATIVE CONTRACTIONS
NEGATIVE Form of the past
perfect tense: Had
+ past
participle
I You
He She had eaten.
It We
They I + had = I‟d
You + had = you‟d He + had
= he‟d She + had = she‟d
It + had = It‟d We + had = we‟d
They + had = they‟d
Had + not=hadn’t I
hadn’t eaten.
Figure 2.8: The Summary of Formulations of the Past Perfect Tense
26 The examples of past perfect tense are sentences [32] and [33].
[32] My parents had already eaten by the time I got home. [33] Until yesterday, I had never heard about it.
These two sentences show activities that were completed before other activities in the past.
h. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. The basic form of the past
perfect progressive tense is as follows.
The tense may also express an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past. The examples of past perfect progressive tense are as follows.
[34 ] He finally came at six o‟clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty.
[35] Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
i. Simple Future Tense
The forms of simple future tense are described in Figure 2.9. HAD + BEEN + - ING
27
STATEMENT I
You He
She will work It tomorrow.
We They
QUESTION I
You He
Will She work
It tomorrow? We
They
NEGATIVE I
You He
She
will not won’t It work tomorrow.
We They
SHORT ANSWER
I You
He Yes She will.
It We
They I
You He
No She
won’t.
It We
They
Figure 2.9: The Summary of Formulations of the Simple Future Tense
There are two forms, will and be going to. Will and be going to are used to express future time. The differences between will and be going to are:
1 To express a prediction, either will or be going to is used:
[36] According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow. [37] According to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
There is no difference in meaning between [36] and [37]. It shows prediction that is a statement about something she thinks will be true or will occur in the future,
either will or be going to is possible.
2 To express prior plan, only be going to is used: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28
[38] I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He is going to
buy a car. That‟s what he told me. In sentence [38] the speaker intends to do an action in the future because in
the past she has made a plan or decision to do it. Only be going to is used. The speaker knows Bob‟s intention to buy a car. Bob made the decision in the past and
he intends to act on this decision in the future. 3 To express willingness, only will is used:
[39] A: The phone is ringing
B: I will get it.
