How to Measure Description

36 soil or are a result of improper construction. Depressions cause some roughness, and when deep enough or filled with water, can cause hydroplaning. Figure 2.14 Depression GTC, 1998

b. Severity levels

- Low level of intensity L: it is noted that level depression in the areas of spots, and have a mild impact on the quality of leadership and can cause ups and downs of the car at high speeds. Ranges from a maximum depth of depression between 13 - 25 mm in the case of low-intensity. - Medium level of intensity M: it is noted that the defect easily at this level and moderately affect the quality of leadership, where a depression the rise and fall of a car at high speeds. Estimated depth of this level of intensity between 25 - 50 mm. - Higher level of intensity H: it can be seen this level of intensity of depression easily and is severely affecting the quality of leadership, causing vibration and clear of the car at high speeds, and greater depth of the decline is more than 50 mm.

c. How to Measure

Depressions are measured in square meters of surface area. The maximum depth of the depression determines the level of severity. This depth can be measured by placing a 3-meters straight edge across the depressed area and measuring the maximum depth in millimeters. Depressions larger than 3 meters across must 37 be measured by either visual estimation or direct measurement when filled with water.

d. Possible causes

Can be summarized depression potential causes of the following points GTC, 1998: i. Depression occurs due to falling base layers or arise during construction. ii. Basis because of the drop, as a result of excess loads, which is pressing basis or because of the decline that occurs during the immediate implementation of the rate of movement of the upper lower classes. Inadequate compaction of hardcore sand and the inability of the substrate to withstand loads of reasons depression. iii. Traffic loads, temperature, materials and disadvantages of implementation are all factors that contribute to the emergence depression and accelerate the deployment.

2.3.3.2 Lane Shoulder Drop

a. Description

Lane shoulder drop is the difference between the level of the edge of pavement and the surface of the shoulders, and usually the level of the shoulders below the level of the adjacent track. Figure 2.15 Lane Shoulder Drop.