The Use of the Simple Past Tense

motivation, increasing interaction among other students and be responsible of each other. a. The Objective of Cooperative Learning The objectives of the cooperative learning as stated by Richard and Rogers in language teaching are as follows; - to provide for naturalistic second language acquisition through the use of interactive pair and group activities - to provide teachers with a methodology to enable them to achieve this goal and one that can be applied in a variety of curriculum settings. - to enable focused attention to particular lexical items, language structures and communicative functions through the use of interactive tasks. - to provide opportunities for learners to develop successful learning and communication strategies. - to enhance learners motivation and reduce learners stress and to create a positive affective classroom climate. 19 In addition, Hwang, Yin et al also stated the objective of cooperative learning as follows; Cooperative learning is known to be an effective educational strategy in enhancing the learning performance of students. The goal of a cooperative learning group is to maximize all members’ learning efficacy. This is accomplished via promoting each other’s success, through assisting, sharing, mentoring, explaining, and encouragement. To achieve the goal of cooperative learning, it is very important to organize well-structured cooperative learning groups. 20 Additionally, for a successful cooperative learning application, there are also several principles which have been proposed by the experts. Kagan and Kagan proposed what they called as PIES in their book as follows; 19 Jack .C. Richard and Theodore .S. Rogers, Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 2 nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 193. 20 Hwang .G. J., Yin .P.Y., Hwang .C.W., Tsai .C.C., An Enhanced Genetic Approach to Composing Cooperative Learning Groups for Multiple Grouping Criteria. Educational Technology Society, 11 1, Taiwan, pp. 148 —167. 1. Positive Interdependence, which distinct into two concepts; Positive correlation, If two students have a positive correlation of outcomes, the success of one student is linked to the success of the other, and Interdependence means students are mutually dependent on one another. They have to rely on their teammates. 2. Individual Accountability. Individual accountability is created when the individual student is held accountable for some public display. 3. Equal Participations. Equal participation means participation is not voluntary. Everyone must participate about equally, instead of calling on one student to respond to a question. 4. Simultaneously Interaction. Thus the ability to apply the simultaneity principle is a key to maximizing positive outcomes in cooperative learning. Essentially, when all else is equal, pair work is better than teamwork, teamwork is better that whole-class work, and smaller teams are better than larger teams. 21 b. Techniques in Cooperative Learning There are number variations of the cooperative technique or model which have been developed in teaching activity or have been applied in classroom. According to Slavin, they are as follows: 1. Student – Teams Achievement Division STAD In STAD students are assigned to four member learning teams that are mixed in performance level, gender and ethnicity. The teacher presents the lesson and the students work with their teams to make sure all team members have mastered the lesson. Then all students take individual quizzes on material, at which time they may not help one another. 21 Spencer Kagan Miguel Kagan, Kagan Cooperative Learning, San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing, 2009, pp. 5.9 —5.11.