Tanggerang selatan. It can inspire the English teachers to develop their teaching strategies to make students easy in learning grammar, especially
Imperative sentences. 3.
For Students To give better and useful input for the students and their English language
especially, imperative sentences.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the writer explained about definition imperatives sentences which consist of kinds of imperative sentences and verb in imperative sentences,
Total physical response and teaching Imperative sentences by using Total physical response andconceptual framework.
A. Imperative sentence
1. Definition of Imperative Sentence
There are many explanations in imperative sentence. According to Betty Schrampfer Azar “Imperative Sentences are used to give command, make polite
requests and give direction.”
1
It seems that the uses of imperative are wide and many variety. Another explanation from Eugene J. Hall Imperative Sentences are
used to give a command or to make the request. The word imperative comes from a Latin verb meaning “to command”.
2
Another assumption from James R. Hurford “An Imperative Sentence is of the sort typically used to give a command or
order .”
3
It means that many specific to give a command or order to other people.In English, imperatives are normally missing of subject, though all othe normal parts
of the sentence are present.the verb in an English imperative is base form of the verb, without endings of any kind.Another explanation comes from John E.
Matriner in English Gra mmar and Composition “An Imperative sentence gives a
command or makes a request”.
4
It seem with the first explanation from Betty. From those explanations above, it can be concluded that imperative
sentences are used in several utterances. It can be used for giving command, giving request, giving direction, giving order.
1
Betty Schrampter Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar: Third Edition, New York: Pearson Education,2003 , p. 213.
2
Eugene J. Hall. Grammar for Use: A Realistic Approach to Grammar Study For Immediate and Practical Application USA: Natural Textbook Company, 1993, p. 224.
3
James R. Hurford, Grammar a student’s guide, New York: Cambridge University Press,
1994, p. 95.
4
John E. Warriner, English Grammar and Composition, New York: Harcourt, brace World. INC 2003, p. 29.
We have known that sentences consist of subject and predicate and imperative sentencealso consists of a subject followed by a subject
andpredicate.
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Automatically imperative sentence, it consists of subject and predicate. As noted, English imperatives lack subjects, but in them an implicit
second person subjectyouis normally understood.
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It means whether we say please go away, the person or the people
we are speaking to naturally understands that he or she is the person who is to go away, even though
we don’t say you. 2.
The Form of Imperative Sentence
The simple form of a verb is used in imperative sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you meaning the person the speaking is talking to
you.
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The simple imperative, as in give, open, antedates inflection form which along with interjection, like O Ouch belong to the oldest forms of spoken
speech.
8
Although the oldest imperatives form, it is still used wide, but now it is only one of many forms. F
or today the expression of one’s will is no longer a simple matter as in the earliest period when men were less differentiated and less
sensitive.
Traditional grammarians have referred to underlying subject of imperative sentence as the
“understood you.” In other words, the subject always missing of an imperative is the second person singular or plural subject pronoun, you.
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The basic forms of imperatives are: a.
The imperative does not usually have a subject, but it can be used with one a noun or pronoun if it is necessary to make it clear who is being spoken to.
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Example : Somebody clean the window
5
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student’s Introduction to English
Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 12.
6
James R. Hurford, loc. cit.
7
Betty SchrampferAzar, Fundamentals of English Grammar, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice hall, 1985, p. 70.
8
George O. Curme. English Grammar, New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1966, p. 249.
9
Marianne Celce - Murcia, Diane Larsen Freeman, the Grammar Book: an ESLEFL Teacher course: second edition New York:Heinle and Heinle publishers, inc, 1999, p. 228.
10
Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 314.
Acing, come forward b.
An imperative can be made more emphatic by putting do before it. The form with do is also employed in entreaties and as an emphatic
prohibition or negative command, here usually with stressed.
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Example : Do clean up Do sit down
c. Negative imperatives are constructed with do not or don’t
Example : Don’t open the door
Do not, my friends, consider that all is lost.
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Negative imperative are somewhat more complicated than their affirmative counterparts. Three types of negative imperatives occur.
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1 Don’t you be late
2 Don’t be late
3 Do not be late
d. Always and never come before imperative.
14
A final observation is that it is possible to produce negative imperative by using the preverbal adverb of
frequency. “never” in initial position without the do verb.
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Example : Always remember me Never be late again
e. Although do is not normally used with be to make questions and negatives,
do is used to make negative or emphatic imperatives of be. Example : Don’t be lazy
Don’t be late Don’t be noise
11
Curme,op.cit, p. 250.
12
Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Startvik, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, New York: Longman Inc., 1985, p. 830.
13
Murcia, op. cit., p. 140.
14
Swan, loc. cit.
15
Marianne Celce - Murcia, Diane Larsen Freeman, the Grammar Book: an ESLEFL Teacher course: second edition New York: Heinle and Heinle publishers, inc, 1999, p. 231.
f. Some languages have a first person plural “imperative” form used to suggest
that the group one is with should do something. English does have not this, but there are stucture with let us or let’s + infinitive which has a similar
meaning.
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Example : Let’s go to the movies
Let’s have a party
Negative form let’s not go to the movies g.
Passive imperatives are often constructed with get Example : Get vaccinated as soon as you can
h. There is some question tag that is used in imperative sentence, the question
tag are will you? Won’t you? Would you? Can you? Can’t you? And could you?
Example : Open the window, would you? Do sit down, won’t you?
i. There is a special way os using the imperative followed by and.... in which
it is similar to and if-clause.
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Example: Walk down our street any day and you’ill see beautiful panorama.
1. Verb in Imperative Sentences
There are five signals show that a sentence is an imperative.
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1. Many imperatives do not have grammatical subjects. Unlike that other
sentence, there is nothing in the subject s part of the clause. Write your name at the top of the page.
S V DO
The imperative is, incidentally, the only pattern in formal English where the subject is not expressed. In other environments, the subjects might be omitted
in informal speech in a conversational context. Where sentence fragments, or utterance, were being used in place of complete, formal sentences.
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16
Swan, op. cit., p. 315.
17
Ibid.
18
Irwin Feigrnbaum. The Grammar Handbook, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 32.
19
Hall, loc. cit.
2. The verb form is the simple form sometimes called the base form or the
infinitive without to Be on time for the test
Answer all the questions on the test The negative is formed by adding do
not or don’t Don’t begin to work before 8.30
3. Polite words or phrases are often used in imperative sentences, especially if
they are requests or suggestions. Please bring me your note book
Sometimes the word “let’s” is used in an imperative sentence. This shows that the person who is speaking plans to join the action.
4. The usual end punctuation for a written imperative sentence is a period.
However, when the imperative is very strong, the end punctuation is an exclamation mark.
Sit down 5.
The usual intonation for an imperative is falling intonation at the end Be on time for the interview
However when the imperative has grammar structure of a yes no question, the intonation may be rising of falling.
The imperative commands and request takes no subject as you is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period . or an exclamation point
”.
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Open the door, Finish your homework, Pick up that mees As mentioned above, in the second signal, the verb that is used in
imperative sentence is the simple form. Here are some verbs that are used in imperative sentence:
Stand up —close
Sit —Hit
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