II. LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses some theories such as, speaking, teaching speaking, contextual teaching learning CTL, perception , perception in English teaching
learning, and theoritical assumptions.
2.1 Speaking
Every normal person is able to speak specially is used for delivering and exchanging ideas, information, and feeling. By speaking a person is able to
communicate and share message to other. In the classroom context, students are expected to be able use English for communication. Therefore teacher needs to
provide appropriate techniques, materials and media so that the students are able to speak English.
There are some factors related to the speaking ability Heaton, 1991: a.
Standard of voice According to Gilman 1968:45 the characteristic of voices is commonly
described as pitch, lounness, fluency, duration and quality. b.
Pronunciation Brown 2001:198 separates teaching pronunciation into two, they are :
1. The beginning levels: learner hopefully can surface that they should
beneath which pronunciation detracts from their ability to communicate. 2.
The advanced level: learnes focus on elements that go beyond basic patterns, voice of quantity, phonetic distinction between registers and
15 other refinements that are far more important in the clear communication
than rolling the english or getting vowel to perfectly imitate a native speaker.
c. Comprehensiblity
Carrel 1984:332 describes comprehension as a process in which readers use their formal schemata rhetorical structure language knowledge and content
background knowledge of context in order to get meaning of printed symbol.
Argawati 2014: 74 states that speaking is one of the main purposes of language learning that is an ability to transfer some ideas to other people clearly
and correctly. In other words, she or he can communicate his or her ideas well to other people. Each participant has to be able to interpret what is said to him, and
reply with the language he has which reflects his own intention. Meanwhile Brown 2001: 250 stated that speaking is an interactive
process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving, and processing information. Based on this idea, there are three important points that
must be occurred to the participants of communication speakers and listeners to construct the meaning during the interaction among them.
Brown 2001:251 also classifies the types of spoken language into two types, they are monologue and dialogue. In monologue, when a speaker uses
spoken language like in speech, lecture, etc, the hearer must process long stretches of speech without interruption the stream of the speech will go on whether or not
the listener comprehend. While dialogue, when speaker uses spoken language like in speech, the hearer must process short stretches of speech.
16 Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves
producing, receiving, and processing information. Based on this idea, there are three important points that must be occurred to the participants of communication
speakers and listeners to construct the meaning during the interaction among them.
From the definition above, it can be inferred that speaking is an ability to express idea, feeling and emotions to other person. The language is used to
express oneself to be understood by other. The writer only focuses on students‟
perception of the implementation CTL in speaking learning process. Researcher does not measure speaking ability. Speaking consists of content, vocabulary,
pronunciation and comprehensibility. The writer took speaking as the focus of the research because there was no
interaction between student- students and students -teacher in teaching learning process by using English as foreign language. In fact, most of students were
unwilling to express their feeling or opinion using their English language. Most of students were lack of passive in their speaking class when there was little
interaction each of student to another.
2.2 Teaching Speaking
