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2.3.1. Description of Orthographic Transcription Technique
Orthography is the noun and orthographic is the adjective defined as the system of spelling in a language Oxford Advanced learner‟s dictionary:1073.
Transcribe is an act to record thoughts, speech or data in a written form, or in a different written form from the original. Transcript is a written or printed copy of
words that have been spoken, whereas transcription is the act or process of representing something in a written or printed form Oxford Advanced learner‟s
dictionary:1630. The technique of orthographic transcription is the same as writing exactly what we hear. There are three main activities of the technique,
they are listening discriminatively, writing orthographically and at last understanding vocabulary and the written transcription by seeing the correct
transcription. Ochs‟1979 remarks from nearly twenty years ago on some of the
fundamental concerns in using transcription in child language acquisition research related to that field, and also have cross-disciplinary implications. She cautions
that the use of mechanical recording devices does not eliminate the problem of selective observation, but merely delays some of the decision-making to the
moment of transcription. She decries developmental pscholinguists‟lack of concern for examining transcrip
tion as method, pointing out that “the transcriptions are the researchers‟ data”p.44, and that “transcription is a
theoretical process reflecting theoretical goals and definition”pp.44.emphasis in the original. These issues still remain problematic and are sounded by current
writers on transcription as methodology. As the use of language as data has
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become more widespread, so have the methodological implications. Ochs goes on to argue for developing a set of basic transcription conventions for representing
child language, while allowing for a certain amount of selectively reflecting the researcher‟s interests. She describes the import of decisions about page layout,
relative placement of verbal and nonverbal information in the transcript, matters of timing e.g. overlaps and pauses, choice of orhtographic versus phonetic
representation, and choice of discourse unit e.g., utterance, proposition, or turn. Brigitte Bigi., et al 2009 stated that The transcription process follows
specific conventions. the result is what is called an enriched orthographic construction. in this study, three enrichments were selected. the first one
represents the text as as a standard orthographic written text. for example, if the speech signal includes specific productions like reductions, the transcription must
contain the expended written text.in the second transcription, transcribers provided an enriched orthographic transcription, which included, for example,
manually annotating non-standard events such as:truncated words, laughter, etc. compared to the previous one, this enriched orthographic transcription
includes the following specific speech phenomena: -short pauses +
-various noises -laughter, annotated
-filled pauses, annotated euh -truncated words, annotated with a _
-repeats
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Moreover, the transcription was not systematically expanded to the written text: the third transcription used in this study represented both transcriptions:the
orthographic written text as the previous convention and, if any, the specific production using an orthographic written text the nearest as possible of what the
transcriber could hear. thereby, form this manual transcription, two derived transcriptions can be generated automatically:the real orthographic transcription
the list of orthographic tokens and a specific transcription from which the obtained phonetic tokens are used by phonetization system.
2.3.2. Steps in Conducting Orthographic Transcription
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