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d. Sampling Sampling is the act of drawing a sample from a population Mason and
Bramble, 1997:113. In this research, the writer used random sampling. quasi experimental
3.3. Variables
Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the experimenter manipulates, controls, and observes.
a. Independent Variables Related to this study, the independent variable of this research is the teaching
listening technique that is Orthographic Transcription Technique. b. Dependent Variables
Related to th is study, the dependent variable of this research is students‟
listening comprehension skill.
3.4. Instrument
A test is one of the research instruments that can be used in measuring the research. Brown 2004:3 stated that a test is a system to evaluate the skill,
understanding, or performance of someone in a particular field. The test used in this study is a multiple choice test based on listening, structure and reading texts.
The test is adapted from Indonesian International Education foundation.
3.5. The Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting the data a test is used to examine and measure the qualities of someone or the knowledge or abilities of someone. A test can be defined as a
© Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University www.eprints.undip.ac.id
systematic procedure for observing one‟s behaviour and describing it with the aid of numerical devices.
The research involves pre and post-test for both experimental and control group. The test is a proficiency test that is TOEFL ITP test. Brown 2004:44
suggest that a proficiency test is not limited to any one course, curriculum or single skill in the language; rather, it tests overall ability. Proficiency tests have
traditionally consisted of standardized multiple choice questions about vocabulary, reading comprehension and aural comprehension.
The data used in this research is only the listening comprehension part since the orthographic transcription technique is implemented to improve the
students listening skill. The listening comprehension part consists of 50 questions that is divided into three part; short conversation, longer conversation and talks.
3.6 .The Technique of Analyzing Data
