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c. Institutions
The next layer of culture is the institutions where the interactions between individuals take place. Kitayama 2002 said that these determine the rules for a
society and include legal, government, economic, scientific, philosophical, and religious bodies. Institutions
can affect individuals‘ thought to do some acts that in the end can be a behavior to the society.
d. Ideas
The last layer of the culture cycle is ideas that inform the institutions, interactions, and individual. Ideas can make pattern rules that can create a culture.
Ideas can shape the way people think and it can lead them to create a culture which can be detected, studied, and even changed. Therefore, culture of a society
can change every time.
3. Self-Regulation Theory
People who have a good self-regulation usually do not let their emotion control themselves. Therefore, usually they cannot be controlled by their
emotions. They tend to think first before they do their action. This is the ability to control emotions and impulses. People who have this character are usually
thoughtfulness which means they do not really care about changes and can decide which is bad and which is good, so they have the ability to say no.
Baumeister 2007 said that self-regulation theory is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one‘s own thought,
behaviors, and feelings to reach goals. It is shown that someone has to be more competent in controlling his emotion in order to reach his goal. Research on self-
20 regulation has focused on the individual‘s capacity to monitor and modify
behavior Efklides, Niemivirta, Yamauchi, 2002. It can be said that behavior can be changed every time based on the results of their monitoring. There are four
components that have to be done in doing self-regulation according to Baumeister 2007, namely:
a. Standards of Desirable Behavior
People often change their behavior based on their ideal, goal or demand that they interpret from society or from someone. Baumeister Bushman 2008
said that when people feel that they do not fill up their own standards, they will change their behavior to meet their standards that have been made. The standard
itself can still be developed. It can happen because of the society evaluate someone‘s behavior or because of the individual that makes an evaluation to
himself. Therefore, the standards can still be changed or developed because those can be influenced by the others. People tend to raise their standards when they
succeed to do some things and to lower the standards if they meet many failures. The higher the standards, someone tend to view an achievement as failures.
Baumeister Vohs 2010 said that the clearer the standards, the more effective self-regulation will be done because ambiguous self-regulation is proven to be
very difficult to do.
b. Motivation to Meet Standards
Motivation is one of the reasons of peoples actions, desires, and needs. According to Ellliot and Covington 2001, motivation can also be defined as
ones direction to behavior, or what causes a person wants to repeat a behavior and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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