Morphological Process in F.Scott Fitzgerald’s Novel “The Great Gatsby”

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S NOVEL “THE GREAT GATSBY”

A THESIS

BY

NOVITA THERESIA PUTRI PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705046

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S NOVEL “THE GREAT GATSBY”

A THESIS

BY

NOVITA THERESIA PUTRI PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705046

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN F. SCOTT FITZGERALD’S NOVEL “THE GREAT GATSBY”

A THESIS BY

NOVITA THERESIA PUTRI PASARIBU REG. NO. 100705046

SUPERVISOR, CO-SUPERVISOR,

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip.TESOL, M.Hum. Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. NIP. 19540528 198303 2 001 NIP. 19581017 198601 1 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The Examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Monday, 27th October 2014.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners:

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. ………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D ………..

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip.TESOL, M.Hum. ………..

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP ……….

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, NOVITA THERESIA PUTRI PASARIBU DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR, OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : ... Date : October, 27th 2014

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : NOVITA THERESIA PUTRI PASARIBU

TITLE OF THESIS : _{MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN F. SCOTT}

FITZGERALD’S NOVEL “THE GREAT GATSBY” QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank and praise Jehovah for His blessings and mercy for still giving me this great chance to finish my study especially in accomplishing this thesis as one of the requirements to get Scholar Certificate in English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

My sincere gratitude and appreciation are dedicated to Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara who has authority in my academic years of learning. For both the Head and Secretary of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and

I also would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum. as my Supervisor and Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. as my Co-Supervisor. I am really thankful for their guidance, contribution, and generosity with their time, effort, and support through correcting and giving me some suggestions during the writing process of this thesis. Thank to Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S. as my academic supervisor who always support me from the beginning. I would also like to thank for all the lecturers of English Department for the good advice, spirit, motivation, and knowledge. Thanks to Alm. Bang Am and Bang Mistam for helping me in completing registration and administration.

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph. D who have provided me the easiness and the facilities during my study.

My respect and gratitude goes to my beloved parents Alm. Ir. Alfred Jansen Pasaribu and Elita N. V. Siagian. Thank you so much for always loving and caring for me. Thank you for sharing me the good times (and hard times too), so I can stand here as myself today. Thank you so much to my grandmother Alfine br. Pardede for everything. I wish you have longevity and happy life. And, also many thanks to my

inspiring only sister Nadia Gina Pasaribu who always support me and be my best partner in every single time. Thank you so much to my big family wherever you are. I am so thankful to God for having all of you in my life and I am sorry if I haven’t made you proud yet.

Million thanks to Eby, Ulan, Ninis, Nadia, Vivi, Dhini, Hanny, Hetty, Tami, Laura, Apri, Wina, Kania, Elsy, Eka, Krista, Cindy, Septi, Icha, Denny, Yudi, Aldi, Boy, Petrus, and Dicky for all the moments we had shared together. Thank you for all of my friends in batch 2010 that I can’t mention all of your names. Thanks for the great friendship. I believe that we will be successful persons in the future.

Last but not least, thank you for the twelfth generation of Sola Gratia Choir SMAN 1 Medan, Dubels. Special thanks to Yohanti, Kelkeisa, Winda, Esta, Anita, Ophy, Kristin, Angel, Nova, Lady, Sabatini, Stephany, Memo, Selfry, Rima, Abner, Ambolas, Doan, Kevin, Leo, and Mario for the valuable times we had spent together. I believe our brotherhood will be long lasting as we grow old together.

In writing this thesis, I realized that this is far from being perfect though I have done my best, I do apologize. Without any helps and support from all parties, this thesis would not be completed. Finally, I expect this thesis would be useful for the readers in future. May God bless you all. Thank you.

Medan, Oktober 2014 The Writer ,

Novita Theresia P. Pasaribu No. Reg. 100705046

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Morphological Process in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Novel "The Great Gatsby". It deals with morphology of English language concerning morphological process (word formation) in “The Great Gatsby” novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The morphological process includes affixation, reduplication, modification, suppletion, and compounding. This morphological process has a role in the formation of new words that generate new meanings.

In analyzing the data, sampling is done by taking the data from chapter 4 until chapter 6 in the novel. The analysis of morphological processes based on the books by Geert Booij (2007) and F. Katamba (1993).

Based on the data analysis, it can be explained that the morphological process includes affixation, modification, suppletion, and compounding. In English, affixation can be divided into prefix and suffix. Final results were found in the novel has 12 kinds of prefixes with the number 108 and the 17 types of suffixes with the number 264 or represents 71,95% of total data. Affixation is the most dominant of morphological process found in the novel. Internal modification is found that indicates a word’s change from singular form to the plural form in English language. Supp letion, represents 11,99%, changes the base verb forms in accordance with the pattern of English tenses with the number 62 words. Compounding (15,08%) is subdivided into two categories, namely compounding words from free morphemes as much as 65 words and compounding words from free morphemes and bound morphemes as much as 13 words. Reduplication is not found in the data because there is no reduplication in English

.

Keywords:

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Morphological Process in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Novel “The Great Gatsby”. Ini merupakan suatu kajian morfologi bahasa yang membahas tentang proses morfologi (pembentukan kata) dalam novel “The Great Gatsby” karya F. Scott Fitzgerald. Proses pembentukan kata ini mencakup afiksasi, reduplikasi, modifikasi, supplesi, dan kata gabungan. Kelima jenis proses morfologi ini berperan dalam pembentukan kata baru yang menghasilkan makna baru.

Dalam melakukan analisis data, pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan mengambil data dari bab 4 sampai dengan bab 6 novel tersebut. Analisis proses morfologi di dalam skripsi ini berdasarkan buku oleh Geert Booij (2007) dan F. Katamba (1993).

Dari hasil analisis data, dapat dijelaskan bahwa proses morfologi mencakup afiksasi, modifikasi, suppletion, dan kata gabungan. Afiksasi dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dibagi menjadi awalan dan akhiran. Hasil akhir yang ditemukan dalam novel memiliki 12 jenis prefiks dengan jumlah 108 dan 17 jenis sufiks dengan jumlah 264 atau mewakili 71,95% dari total keseluruhan data sehingga afiksasi adalah proses pembentukan kata yang paling dominan yang terdapat dalam novel ini. Modifikasi yang ditemukan ialah modifikasi internal yang menunjukkan perubahan bentuk kata dari tunggal ke jamak dalam bahasa Inggris. Proses suplesi yang mewakili 11,99% dari total data mengubah bentuk kata kerja dasar sesuai dengan pola kalimat bahasa Inggris sebanyak 62 kata. Kata gabung yang mewakili 15,08% dibagi dalam dua kategori, yaitu kata gabungan dari kata dasar sebanyak 65 kata dan kata gabungan dari kata dasar dan imbuhan sebanyak 13 kata. Reduplikasi tidak ditemukan dalam data dikarenakan reduplikasi tidak terdapat dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kata Kunci:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

ABSTRAK ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

LIST OF TABLES ... x

ABBREVIATION ... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Problems of the Study ... 3

1.3. Objectives of the Study ... 3

1.4. Scope of the Study... 3

1.5. Significance of the Study ... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5

2.1 Morphology ... 5

2.1.1 Word ... 6

2.1.2 Morpheme ... 7

2.2 Morphological Process ... 9

2.2.1 Affixation ... 9

2.2.1.1 Prefix ... 10

2.2.1.2 Suffix ... 10

2.2.2 Reduplication ... 11

2.2.3 Modification ... 12

2.2.4 Suppletion. ... 12

2.3 Review of Related Study ... 14

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 16

3.1 Research Method ... 16

3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 16

3.3 Data Analysis... 17

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 18

4.1 Morphological Process found in the novel ... 31

4.1.1 Affixation ... 31

4.1.1.1 Prefix ... 31

4.1.1.1.1 Prefix a- ... 31

4.1.1.1.2 Prefix con-/cor- ... 32

4.1.1.1.3 Prefix de- ... 32

4.1.1.1.4 Prefix dis- ... 33

4.1.1.1.5 Prefix en-/em- ... 33

4.1.1.1.6 Prefix mis- ... 34

4.1.1.1.7 Prefix pre- ... 34

4.1.1.1.8 Prefix re- ... 34

4.1.1.1.9 Prefix un- ... 35

4.1.1.1.10 Prefix under- ... 35

4.1.1.1.11 Prefix in- ... 35

4.1.1.1.12 Prefix ex- ... 37

4.1.1.2 Suffix ... 37

4.1.1.2.1 Suffix –al/-ial ... 37

4.1.1.2.2 Suffix –able ... 38

4.1.1.2.3 Suffix –er ... 38

4.1.1.2.4 Suffix –ence ... 39

4.1.1.2.5 Suffix –ful ... 39

4.1.1.2.6 Suffix –ion ... 40

4.1.1.2.7 Suffix –ity ... 41

4.1.1.2.8 Suffix –ize/-ive ... 41

4.1.1.2.9 Suffix –less ... 42

4.1.1.2.10 Suffix –ly ... 42

4.1.1.2.12 Suffix –ness... 45

4.1.1.2.13 Suffix –ous ... 46

4.1.1.2.14 Suffix –tion ... 46

4.1.1.2.15 Suffix –y ... 47

4.1.1.2.16 Suffix –ary ... 48

4.1.1.2.17 Suffix –ic ... 48

4.1.2 Reduplication ... 48

4.1.3 Modification ... 49

4.1.4 Suppletion ... 49

4.1.5 Compounding ... 51

4.1.4.1 Free morphemes ... 51

4.1.4.2 Free morphemes and bound morphemes ... 54

4.2 The most dominant morphological process ... 55

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 56

5.1 Conclusions ... 56

5.2 Suggestions ... 57

REFERENCES ... 58

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 – Table of Data... 18

Table 4.2 – Findings of Modification ... 49

Table 4.3 – Findings of Suppletion ... 50

Table 4.4 – Findings of Free Morphemes ... 52

Table 4.5 – Findings of Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes ... 54

ABBREVIATION

Suf. = Suffix Pre. = Prefix N = Noun V = Verb Adj. = Adjective Adv. = Adverb Prep. = Preposition Pron. = Pronoun Det. = determiner

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled Morphological Process in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Novel "The Great Gatsby". It deals with morphology of English language concerning morphological process (word formation) in “The Great Gatsby” novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The morphological process includes affixation, reduplication, modification, suppletion, and compounding. This morphological process has a role in the formation of new words that generate new meanings.

In analyzing the data, sampling is done by taking the data from chapter 4 until chapter 6 in the novel. The analysis of morphological processes based on the books by Geert Booij (2007) and F. Katamba (1993).

Based on the data analysis, it can be explained that the morphological process includes affixation, modification, suppletion, and compounding. In English, affixation can be divided into prefix and suffix. Final results were found in the novel has 12 kinds of prefixes with the number 108 and the 17 types of suffixes with the number 264 or represents 71,95% of total data. Affixation is the most dominant of morphological process found in the novel. Internal modification is found that indicates a word’s change from singular form to the plural form in English language. Supp letion, represents 11,99%, changes the base verb forms in accordance with the pattern of English tenses with the number 62 words. Compounding (15,08%) is subdivided into two categories, namely compounding words from free morphemes as much as 65 words and compounding words from free morphemes and bound morphemes as much as 13 words. Reduplication is not found in the data because there is no reduplication in English

.

Keywords:

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Morphological Process in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Novel “The Great Gatsby”. Ini merupakan suatu kajian morfologi bahasa yang membahas tentang proses morfologi (pembentukan kata) dalam novel “The Great Gatsby” karya F. Scott Fitzgerald. Proses pembentukan kata ini mencakup afiksasi, reduplikasi, modifikasi, supplesi, dan kata gabungan. Kelima jenis proses morfologi ini berperan dalam pembentukan kata baru yang menghasilkan makna baru.

Dalam melakukan analisis data, pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan mengambil data dari bab 4 sampai dengan bab 6 novel tersebut. Analisis proses morfologi di dalam skripsi ini berdasarkan buku oleh Geert Booij (2007) dan F. Katamba (1993).

Dari hasil analisis data, dapat dijelaskan bahwa proses morfologi mencakup afiksasi, modifikasi, suppletion, dan kata gabungan. Afiksasi dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dibagi menjadi awalan dan akhiran. Hasil akhir yang ditemukan dalam novel memiliki 12 jenis prefiks dengan jumlah 108 dan 17 jenis sufiks dengan jumlah 264 atau mewakili 71,95% dari total keseluruhan data sehingga afiksasi adalah proses pembentukan kata yang paling dominan yang terdapat dalam novel ini. Modifikasi yang ditemukan ialah modifikasi internal yang menunjukkan perubahan bentuk kata dari tunggal ke jamak dalam bahasa Inggris. Proses suplesi yang mewakili 11,99% dari total data mengubah bentuk kata kerja dasar sesuai dengan pola kalimat bahasa Inggris sebanyak 62 kata. Kata gabung yang mewakili 15,08% dibagi dalam dua kategori, yaitu kata gabungan dari kata dasar sebanyak 65 kata dan kata gabungan dari kata dasar dan imbuhan sebanyak 13 kata. Reduplikasi tidak ditemukan dalam data dikarenakan reduplikasi tidak terdapat dalam bahasa Inggris.

Kata Kunci:

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Language could not be separated from human beings as they are social creatures who need to interact among themselves. Language is a unique human inheritance that plays an important role in human life such as in thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with others (Siahaan cited in Syam 2009: 1). It means that through language people can state or express their own ideas and feelings because language functions as the way of their communication with others. Language has many forms, such as written language (word), spoken language (sound), and body language (gesture). As long we know the meaning of the sound, word or gesture, we know that it is language.

Therefore, there is a science that studies language as the object of study named linguistics. It is scientific knowledge which can be applied to all languages in the world. Linguistics has some branches of studies which include Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and also some other sciences that are related to linguistics like Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, and Comparative Linguistics.

Generally, human beings study language and words as well, because words could not be separated from language. In this thesis, the writer would like to describe one of the linguistic branches that studies words, that is, morphology. Morphology is the branch of linguistics studying the structure of words (Crystal, 1989:90). Morphology is also called the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs) and the way they combine in word formation.

Morphology is the branch of linguistics, studying how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. Word is formed from morpheme or morphemes. For example, the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly and the negative prefix un-.

In Morphology, we study word-formation process or the morphological process which forms new words with the rules of morphology. The process of morphology is the process of formation of the word from morphemes. There are several morphological processes such as affixation, reduplication, suppletion, modification, and compounding. Shortly, affixation is the adding of bound morphemes to the base to form a word. The bound morphemes added before the base are called prefixes, those inserted into the base are called infixes, and those added to the end of the base are called suffixes. Reduplication is a process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication). Suppletion is about irregularity taken one step further. Modification is the one of the processes in forming word as an alternative form. And, compounding is the process of combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word.

The writer chose morphological process as the topic of this thesis because the writer wants to know and being capable to explain the topic in details. This study has focus on describing the process of how a word is formed in English vocabulary especially the ones found in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel entitled “The Great Gatsby”. This study is really important especially for people who study in linguistics because there are so many English words in the novel. This novel will be the data source of this analysis. The writer chose the novel as the object for this study because novel is also one of literary works that must be appreciated

besides the words are quite simple and F. Scott Fitzgerald made a story that shows human values in life and how the main character fight and struggle for his living until he becomes a successful man. This thesis attempts to find out the morphological process used in this interesting novel.

1.2. Problems of the Study

Based on the title above, the writer would like to focus the study on the following problems:

1. What morphological processes are found in the novel “The Great Gatsby”?

2. What is the most dominant morphological process found in the novel “The Great Gatsby”?

1.3. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are to answer the questions or the problems of the study. Therefore, the goals of this thesis are:

1. To find out and describe the morphological processes used in the novel “The Great Gatsby”.

2. To show what is the most dominant morphological process found in the novel “The Great Gatsby”.

1.4. Scope of the Study

This thesis focuses on the analysis of morphological process such as affixation, reduplication, suppletion, modification, and compounding found in the selected chapters namely from chapter 4 until chapter 6 in the novel “The Great

Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The novel as the source of data provides the data to be analyzed. The writer expected being able to reveal the answers of the problems mentioned above.

1.5. Significance of the Study

This thesis would contribute theoretically and practically to the readers and the writer herself. Theoretically, it is expected to enrich the knowledge about morphological process especially for the English Department students. It can also be the guidance and reference for further studies concerning Morphology. Practically, it is expected to be helpful for teaching and training activities regarding the study of morphological process.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Morphology

In every language, words play an important grammatical role. They are built out of smaller elements by certain patterns, and put them together to form sentences by different patterns. Morphology is a branch of linguistics which deals with the study and analysis of structure, forms, and classes of word.

Nida (1967:1) states that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words. Booij (2007:24) claims that morphology is the study of internal structure of words that concerns the word formation. While Bloomfield (1933:207) mentions that the morphology of a language means the construction in which bound forms appear among the construction, by definition, the resultant for more bound forms but never phrases. Based on these statements, it could be stated that morphology as the branch of linguistics is concerned with the study of morphemes within their different forms and the way they combine together in word formation.

Word and morpheme are important units in studying morphology. Despite, the popular notion that the word is the smallest meaningful unit, the smallest unit with meaning is actually the morpheme. A morpheme is the minimal linguistics unit which has a meaning or grammatical function. In other words, many words are themselves morphemes, for example; the words of cool and fresh, they could not be broken down into smaller units that in themselves carry meaning.

However, many other words consist of more than one morpheme. Most compound words, such as catfish, are created by joining together two morphemes, in this case, cat and fish, are created by joining together two morphemes, each of which can be recognized as a word that carries a meaning by itself.

In general, the analysis of a word and its component morphemes require that each morpheme occurs elsewhere in the language. It must occur with the same meaning either as a free morpheme or as a bound morpheme in other combination. For example; the morphemes re- and –ed in the word replayed also occur in many other words and have the same meaning in those words, another example, in reprinted, regained, and restarted. (re-) signifies repetition and (-ed) indicates the past tense form.

2.1.1 Word

Language is the construction of utterances, which are composed of words. Knowing a language means to understand the words of that language. When knowing a word, both its form (sound) and its meaning must be known. These are parts of the linguistic sign.

Words are usually the easiest units to identify in the written language. In written language, words are not the smallest unit meaning. Many words are made of smaller units of meaning, and these units are combined in particular a way, forming words.

There are very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken down into smaller units that are meaningful. For example, the word like desks, where desk refers to furniture, while the –s shows the grammatical function of indicating plurality. The main principle used in the analysis of words is the principle

of contrasting forms that differ (i) in phonological shape relates to the sounds used and (ii) in meaning.

Words that have only one morpheme are also called monomorphemic words, e.g. cat, sit, bird, etc. Words with more than one morpheme are called polymorphemic words, e.g. foolishness (fool + -ish + -ness), supernaturally (super- + natural + -ly). When we divide up the words foolishness, we get an English word fool plus a bit that is clearly English but not a word –ish, -ness. These pieces could not stand by themselves, and independence is one of the criteria for calling an element of word.

2.1.2 Morpheme

Hocket (1958:123) says, “Morphemes are the smallest individually meaningful elements in the utterances of a language”. Morphemes can be identified in a number of ways. Nida (1967:1) also states, “Morphemes as the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words” e.g. re, de, un, -ish, -ly, -ceive, etc.”

To illustrate it, it would be good to examine the following word.

Workers is made up of three morphemes, (work) + (-er) + (-s), (brackets are

sometimes used to indicate morphemes). Each of the morphemes has a unique meaning: (work) = verb (however it might be represented semantically); (-er)= one who performs an action; (-s)=more than one. Together they mean something like ‘more than one person who works’.

The analysis of words and morpheme(s) begins with the morph(s). A morph is a physical form representing some morphemes in a language. It is a recurrent distinctive sound (phoneme) or sequence of sounds (phonemes). Sometimes different

morphs represent the same morpheme. For example, the past form of regular verbs in English which is spelled –ed could be pronounced in /id/, /d/, or /t/.

It is pronounced as:

a) /id/ if the verbs ends in /d/ or /t/

mend - mended paint - painted /mend/ - /mendid/ /peint/ - /peintid/ b) /d/ after a verb ends in any voiced sound except /d/

clean - cleaned weigh - weighed /kli:n/ - /kli:nd/ /wei/ - /weid/

c) /t/ after a verb ends in any voiceless consonant other than /t/ park - parked miss - missed

/pa:k/ - /pa:kt/ /mis/ - /mist/

If different morphs represent the same morpheme, they are grouped together and called allomorph of that morpheme. As the example above, /id/, /d/, and /t/ are grouped as allomorphs of the past tense morpheme.

Morphemes can be classified as either free or bound form: a) Free morpheme

A morpheme may also be named an independent form and it has lexical meaning. Free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand by itself to constitute words or part of words and could not be broken down into smaller meaningful units. For example: man, book, tea, sweet, and cook (Katamba 1993:41).

b) Bound morpheme

Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme, which occurs only when attached to other morphemes. In other word, bound morpheme is dependent form. It has only grammatical meaning. The meaning of the bound morpheme can not be

found in the dictionary. Bound morpheme always occurs with some other word element attached to it (Katamba 1993:42).

For example: re- in restart -ly in slowly

-ment in movement

The types of bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes, such as: Prefixes: pre-, in-, im-, re-, mis-, a-, dis-, de-, un-, etc.

Suffixes: -ness, -less, -ment, -able, -attion, -ist, -er, etc.

2.2. Morphological Process

Linguists observe a language which uses the combining of bound and free morphemes to form additional or new words, they note that the occurring combinations as systemic, as we have certainly seen in English words. To illustrate, unlike that the prefix un- , meaning ‘not’, attaches to adjective, replay that the prefix re- attaches only to verb, and slowly that the suffix –ly attaches to adjective. It may say that a process is named “morphological process”.

Morphological process is a word formation by combining one morpheme with another or a word formation by making a modification to its base form (affixes). Here are some kinds of morphological process, those are; Affixation, Reduplication, Suppletion, Modification, and Compounding.

2.2.1 Affixation

Words formed by the combination of dependent affixes and independent morphemes are the result of the process of affixation. This process of affixation is the one of the most general process in every language (Katamba 1993:44). Parera

(1994:18) says, “proses afiksasi terjadi apabila sebuah morfem terikat dibubuhkan atau dilekatkan pada sebuah morfem bebasnsecara urutan lurus”. (affixation process occurs when a bound morpheme attached to free morpheme or word).

An affix only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes. Affixation in English uses only prefixes and suffixes, but many other languages use infixes as well, include Indonesian language. Infixes are inserted within the root morpheme. In English words, there are no infixes.

2.2.1.1 Prefix

The meaning of prefix in the dictionary is a word or a dependent morpheme which placed in front of a word to add or to change its meaning. A prefix is an affix attached before a base or free morpheme (Katamba 1993:44).

Examples:

un- + happy = unhappy re- + play = replay dis- + able = disable

2.2.1.2 Suffix

Suffix is an affix attached after a base form or independent morpheme (Katamba 1993:44).

Examples:

general + -ly = generally good + -ness = goodness move + -ment = movement

2.2.2 Reduplication

Reduplication is a special kind of morphological process forming new words either by copying an entire free morpheme (full reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication) (Booij 2007:35). This process is illustrated by the following examples (Uhlenbeck in Booij 2007:35):

a) Full reduplication

baita (ship) baita-baita (various ships) sesupe (ring) sesupe-sesupe (various rings) omaha (house) omaha-omaha

b) Partial reduplication

(various houses)

jawah (rain) jejawah (to play in the rain) tamu (guest) tetamu

In the examples of partial reduplication, the prefix consists of a copy of the first consonant of the base form followed by the vowel /e/.

(to visit)

In English we never find such reduplication as in Javanese language. However, some linguists have mentioned some words in English that can be classified as a word derived from reduplication process. The process of reduplication in English is not aimed to change from singular to plural but it is more concerned to the rhythmic of the word. Most of reduplication is informal or familiar and the most common uses of them are:

tick + tock = tick-tock tip + top = tip-top see + saw = see-saw zig + zag = zig-zag

2.2.3 Modification

Modification is also one of the processes in forming word as an alternative form. There are two kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification. In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only change in some situation. The form of the base form is the same with the new word. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as infinitive to past and past participle.

Examples:

1.) To change singular to plural

Singular Plural

sheep sheep deer deer

2.) To change infinitive to past and past participle

Infinitive Past Past Participle

cut cut cut

hit hit hit

Internal modification is the process of changing a certain morpheme of a base form in order to form a new word.

Examples: Singular Plural woman women foot feet

2.2.4 Suppletion

Supp letion is about irregularity taken one step further. There is no phonological similarity between the different forms of a morpheme (Booij 2007:33).

Suppletive forms are morphologically complex forms in which the connection between the base and the newly created form is not obvious at all. We know that the regular past form is formed by suffixing -ed. Anyway what happens when we make the past of these base form:

go (past) = went take (past) = took buy (past) = bought

The result of went and took have nothing to do with the base go and take. This is a process of suppletion.

2.2.5 Compounding

Compounding is the process of combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word (Booij 2007:93). The words that are the parts of the compound can be:

a.) free morphemes

girlfriend = girl + friend blackbird = black + bird textbook = text + book

b.) free morphemes and bound morphemes air conditioner = air + condition + -er looking glass = look + -ing- + glass watch maker = watch + make +-r c.) words formed by compounding themselves

lifeguard chair = life + guard + chair aircraft carrier = air + craft + carrier

In English, there is no one formal criteria that can be used for a general definition of compounding, because the relation of their element is different.

For example: blackbird = black+bird

Black is an adjective that means the very darkest color like coal, while bird is a noun, means a feathered animal with two wings and two legs. If we combine these two words black and bird. They become blackbird which means of the family of any bird.

Compounding has its own special stress pattern. So the word, for example; ‘white house’ are noun phrase in which ‘white’ describes ‘house’, while white house, with more stress on ‘white’ is a compound.

2.3 Review of Related Study

In supporting the idea of this analysis, some relevant books and thesis have been collected. All these books have given contribution to the writing of this thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from relevant books and thesis are quoted as follows:

Bloomfield (1933) says, “A free form which consists of two or lesser free form as, for instance, poor John or John ran away, is a phrase. A free form which is not a phrase is a word. A word is then a free form which does not consist entirely of two or lesser free form: in brief a word is minimum free form.”

While, Muchtar (2007) mentions that affixes are the process of forming word that is a morpheme that is attached to a free morpheme or bound morpheme.

Besides it, in analyzing this study, the writer also reads relevance study done by Mulyani (2004). In her study, the result of analysis concludes that affixes in English can be subdivided into prefix and suffix. The form of prefix a-, in-, de-,

co-/con-/cor-, mis-, re-, im-, pre-,sub-, under-, un-, en-, over-, dis-, fore-, non-, out-, ir-, and pro- do not change the form when they are attached to base form, and in its distribution, they can be attached to noun, adjective, verb, or adverb base form. Those prefixes also do not change the function. While most of suffixes such as – ment, -tion, -al, - ful, - ary, and ly, change the form if attached to base form.

Syam (2009) also concludes in his thesis that most of suffixes change the form and function if they attached to the base forms. Prefix pre-, re-, a-, al-, in-, un-, dis-, mis-, be-, im-, under-, en-, over-, out-, and fore, do not change the form when they are attached to the base forms. Syam took a novel as the source of the data for his study. Therefore, his study gives more contribution in helping the writing of this study.

Based on Mulyani and Syam’s work, the writer decides to have a similar study. This study has a lot of things in common in the sense it is concerned with affixation with the construction of the morphemes. Both studies analyze the form, distribution, and function of each prefixes and affixes. However, there is a difference that the writer’s scope is wider than the study of them since the writer also analyzes the other types of morphological processes, such as modification, suppletion, and compounding. The objects of both studies are different too. Mulyani’s work analyzed a book written by Harun Yahya. On other hand, Syam’s work focused on a literary work, a novel, written by Charles Dickens that is similar to this study.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

In this study, the writer uses some steps relating to the ways to conduct the research. The method then would be explained in several points, such as research method, data and source of data, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Method

In order to conduct the research systematically, there are some methods applied. Library research is applied in this thesis in which a number of books about linguistics, morphology, and Oxford dictionary have been selected. As Nawawi (1993:30) says “penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan cara menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat-tempat lain”. (Library research is carried out by accumulating all the data from various literatures either in library or in other places). The information accumulated is about morphological process; its definition, theories, explanation with simple examples, and the description of data.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

In this thesis, the writer chose word forms as the data of this analysis due to the topic of this study. The source of data in this thesis was taken from the novel “The Great Gatsby” written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This novel was written in nine chapters in 1925. The data are collected from the selected chapters namely from chapter 4 until chapter 6 of the novel. The writer chose these chapters by using purposive sampling (Sutopo, 2006:64) because the data were taken not to be

representative, but to generalize the analysis and theory for a particular purpose. This sampling is usually done because of several considerations such as limited time, energy, and fund.

3.3 Data Analysis

In explaining the result of data analysis, descriptive method is applied in which all the results related to the object of data analysis will be described. As stated by Nawawi (1993:27), “Metode deskriptif adalah prosedur atau cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diseliiki sebagaimana adanya berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang aktual pada saat sekarang.” (Descriptive method is a procedure or manner in solving the problem by explaining the object which is being investigated towards the factual facts).

. Therefore, the analysis will be systematically conducted by concentrating on the content analysis (Sutopo, 2006:81) that only focused on the data found in the novel with steps as follows:

1. Reading the selected chapters of the novel The Great Gatsby repeatedly.

2. Identifying word by word formed by the morphological process by underlining the words.

3. Listing and classifying the data into the types of morphological process. 4. Grouping the data based on specific morphological process.

5. Identifying the most dominant morphological process found in the novel by using this certain formula: �

� x 100 % = N

X = number of particular type of morphological process Y = number of all data

N = percentage of the morphological process

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer begins the analysis of the data by listing whole of morphological process found in the novel. Then, the writer classifies and identifies how the words formed by each types of morphological processes. Last, the writer shows the most dominant morphological process occurred in the novel. The complete data of the analysis is put in Appendices.

Table 4.1 – Table of Data

No. Data Number

of Data A ff ixat ion M od if ic at ion Suppl et ion C om pou ndi ng R ed u p lic at ion

1 sunday data 1 √

2 rang data 2 √

3 alongshore data 3 √

4 hilariously data 4 Suf. -ly

5 bootlegger data 5 √

6 said data 6 √

7 somewhere data 7 √

8 cocktails data 8 √

9 found data 9 √

10 wrote data 10 √

11 timetable data 11 √

12 came data 12 √

13 disintegrate data 13 Pre. dis-

14 impression data 14 Suf. -ion

15 generality data 15 Suf. -ity

16 hospitality data 16 Suf. -ity

17 paid data 17 √

18 nothing data 18 √

19 whatever data 19 √

20 about data 20 Pre. a-

22 corner data 22 Suf. –er

23 afternoon data 23 √

24 remember data 24 Pre. re-

25 went data 25 √

26 penitentiary data 26 Suf. –ary

27 drunk data 27 √

28 automobile data 28 √

29 ran data 29 √

30 importer data 30 Suf. –er

31 promoter data 31 Suf. –er

32 meant data 32 √

33 profitably data 33 Suf. -y

34 became data 34 √

35 known data 35 √

36 boarder data 36 Suf. –er

37 subway data 37 √

38 physical data 38 Suf. –al

39 inevitably data 39 Suf. –y

40 forgotten data 40 √

41 melodious data 41 Suf. –ous

42 addition data 42 Suf. –tion

43 shot data 43 √

44 something data 44 √

45 rocky data 45 Suf. –y

46 gave data 46 √

47 gone data 47 √

48 hydroplane data 48 √

49 invitation data 49 Suf. -tion

50 made data 50 √

51 thought data 51 √

52 dashboard data 52 √

53 movement data 53 Suf. –ment

54 peculiarly data 54 Suf. –ly

55 absence data 55 Suf. –ence

56 formless data 56 Suf. –less

57 nervous data 57 Suf. –ous

58 continually data 58 Suf. –ly

59 restlessness data 59 Suf. –ness

60 impatient data 60 Pre. im-

61 saw data 61 √

62 admiration data 62 Suf. -tion

63 seen data 63 √

65 windshields data 65 √

66 undefined data 66 Pre. un-

67 consequence data 67 Suf. –ence

68 gradually data 68 Suf. –ly

69 simply data 69 Suf. –y

70 roadhouse data 70 √

71 disconcert data 71 Pre. dis-

72 began data 72 √

73 unfinished data 73 Pre. un-

74 broke data 74 √

75 surprisingly data 75 Suf. -ly

76 generalize data 76 Suf. -ize

77 question data 77 Suf. -ion

78 deserve data 78 Pre. de-

79 aware data 79 Pre. a-

80 accusation data 80 Suf. -tion

81 conversation data 81 Suf. -tion

82 suddenly data 82 Suf. -ly

83 wealthy data 83 Suf. -y

84 brought data 84 √

85 sideway data 85 √

86 statement data 86 Suf. -ment

87 fell data 87 √

88 casually data 88 Suf. -ly

89 extinction data 89 Suf. -ion

90 otherwise data 90 √

91 chiefly data 91 Suf. -ly

92 restrain data 92 Pre. re-

93 laughter data 93 Suf. -er

94 worn data 94 √

95 threadbare data 95 √

96 sawdust data 96 √

97 enchant data 97 Pre. en-

98 machinegun data 98 √

99 forward data 99 √

100 infantry data 100 Suf. -y

101 government data 101 Suf. -ment

102 decoration data 102 Suf. -ion

103 sympathize data 103 Suf. -ize

104 fully data 104 Suf. -y

105 national data 105 Suf. -al

106 submerge data 106 √

108 hastily data 108 Suf. -ly

109 astonishment data 109 Suf. -ment

110 extraordinary data 110 √

111 taken data 111 √

112 photograph data 112 √

113 men data 113 √

114 archway data 114 √

115 broken data 115 √

116 request data 116 Pre. re-

117 usually data 117 Suf. -ly

118 stranger data 118 Suf. -er

119 forget data 119 √

120 kindly data 120 Suf. -ly

121 utterly data 121 Suf. -ly

122 correctness data 122 Suf. -ness

123 grew data 123 √

124 sped data 124 √

125 vitality data 125 Suf. -ity

126 heard data 126 √

127 motorcycle data 127 √

128 policeman data 128 √

129 rode data 129 √

130 alongside data 130 √

131 commissioner data 131 Suf. -er

132 sunlight data 132 √

133 flicker data 133 Suf. -er

134 across data 134 Pre. a-

135 built data 135 √

136 drawn data 136 √

137 cheerful data 137 Suf. -ful

138 driven data 138 √

139 aloud data 139 Pre. a-

140 eyeballs data 140 √

141 rivalry data 141 Suf. -y

142 without data 142 √

143 met data 143 √

144 brightness data 144 Suf. -ness

145 outside data 145 √

146 obscurely data 146 Suf. -ly

147 discover data 147 Pre. dis-

148 darkness data 148 Suf. -ness

149 took data 149 √

151 politely data 151 Suf. -ly

152 evidently data 152 Suf. -ly

153 expressive data 153 Suf.-ive

154 penny data 154 Suf. -y

155 abstraction data 155 Suf. -ion

156 highballs data 156 √

157 waiter data 157 Suf. -er

158 gloomily data 158 Suf. -ly

159 funny data 159 Suf. -y

160 somebody data 160 √

161 daylight data 161 √

162 innocently data 162 Suf. -ly

163 indignantly data 163 Suf. -ly

164 around data 164 Pre. a-

165 sidewalk data 165 √

166 belly data 166 Suf. -y

167 drove data 167 √

168 understand data 168 Pre. under-

169 juxtaposition data 169 Suf. -tion

170 remark data 170 Pre. re-

171 exclaim data 171 Pre. ex-

172 disappoint data 172 Pre. dis-

173 told data 173 √

174 ferocious data 174 Suf. -ous

175 slowly data 175 Suf. -ly

176 directly data 176 Suf. -ly

177 presence data 177 Suf. -ence

178 held data 178 √

179 frankly data 179 Suf. -ly

180 underhand data 180 Pre. under-

181 assure data 181 Pre. a-

182 sportswoman data 182 √

183 handsome data 183 √

184 gentleman data 184 √

185 oddly data 185 Suf. -ly

186 careful data 186 Suf. -ful

187 women data 187 √

188 instinctive _{data 188} Suf. -ive

189 sat data 189 √

190 drank data 190 √

191 got data 191 √

192 feet data 192 √

194 generation data 194 Suf. -ion

195 solemnly data 195 Suf. -ly

196 imaginary data 196 Suf. -ary

197 impose data 197 Pre. im-

198 shook data 198 √

199 explain data 199 Pre. ex-

200 coolly data 200 Suf. -ly

201 merely data 201 Suf. -ly

202 opportunity data 202 Suf. -ity

203 caught data 203 √

204 along data 204 Pre. a-

205 direction data 205 Suf. -ion

206 eagerly data 206 Suf. -ly

207 briefly data 207 Suf. -ly

208 embarrassment data 208 Suf. -ment

209 towards data 209 √

210 longer data 210 Suf. -er

211 blew data 211 √

212 disapprove data 212 Pre. dis-

213 older data 213 Suf. -er

214 monopolize data 214 Suf. -ize

215 engross data 215 Pre. en-

216 bandage data 216 √

217 officer data 217 Suf. -er

218 again data 218 Pre. a-

219 realize data 219 Suf. -ize

220 slightly data 220 Suf. -ly

221 overseas data 221 √

222 effectually data 222 Suf. -ly

223 army data 223 Suf. -y

224 presumably data 224 Suf. -y

225 bridesmaid _{data 225} √

226 bridal data 226 Suf. -al

227 lovely data 227 Suf. -ly

228 enjoy data 228 Pre. en-

229 downstairs data 229 √

230 forehead data 230 √

231 delight data 231 Pre. de-

232 left data 232 √

233 chambermaids data 233 √

234 absolutely data 234 Suf. -ly

235 asleep data 235 Pre. a-

237 apartment data 237 Suf. -ment

238 rose data 238 √

239 bought data 239 √

240 alive data 240 Pre. a-

241 purposeless data 241 Suf. -less

242 modesty data 242 Suf. -y

243 starlight data 243 √

244 arrange data 244 Pre. a-

245 sent data 245 √

246 anything data 246 √

247 drew data 247 √

248 dealt data 248 √

249 universal data 249 Suf. -al

250 jauntily data 250 Suf. -ly

251 heady data 251 Suf. -y

252 excitement data 252 Suf. -ment

253 unlike data 253 Pre. un-

254 disembody data 254 Pre. dis-

255 scornful data 255 Suf. -ful

256 unreal data 256 Pre. un-

257 roadside data 257 √

258 resolve data 258 Pre. re-

259 thrown data 259 √

260 absently data 260 Suf. -ly

261 eagerness data 261 Suf. -ness

262 carelessly data 262 Suf. -ly

263 quickly data 263 Suf. -ly

264 reassure data 264 Pre. re-

265 confidently data 265 Suf. -ly

266 business data 266 Suf. -ness

267 might data 267 √

268 confidential data 268 Suf. -al

269 obviously data 269 Suf. -ly

270 tactlessly data 270 Suf. -ly

271 responsive data 271 Suf. -ive

272 gaudily data 272 Suf. -ly

273 raincoat data 273 √

274 remind data 274 Pre. re-

275 unnecessary data 275 Pre. un-

276 greenhouse data 276 √

277 innumerable data 277 Pre. in-

278 nervously data 278 Suf. -ly

280 blankly data 280 Suf. -ly

281 vaguely data 281 Suf. -ly

282 everything data 282 √

283 reproachfully data 283 Suf. -ly

284 scrutinize data 284 Suf. -ize

285 hollowly data 285 Suf. -ly

286 occasional data 286 Suf. -al

287 swam data 287 √

288 invisible data 288 Pre. in-

289 finally data 289 Suf. -ly

290 uncertain data 290 Pre. un-

291 silly data 291 Suf. -y

292 miserably data 292 Suf. -ly

293 simultaneously _{data 293} Suf. -ly

294 overwhelming data 294 √

295 tragically data 295 Suf. -ly

296 sharply data 296 Suf. -ly

297 disappear data 297 Pre. dis-

298 increase data 298 Pre. in-

299 living-room data 299 √

300 artificial data 300 Suf. -al

301 awfully data 301 Suf. -ly

302 horribly data 302 Suf. -y

303 mantelpiece data 303 √

304 graceful data 304 Suf. -ful

305 momentarily data 305 Suf. -ly

306 abortive data 306 Suf. -ive

307 luckily data 307 Suf. -ly

308 dangerously data 308 Suf. -ly

309 rigidly data 309 Suf. -ly

310 tropical data 310 Suf. -al

311 commonplace data 311 √

312 idiotically data 312 Suf. -ly

313 suggestion data 313 Suf. -ion

314 confusion data 314 Pre. con-

315 conscientiously data 315 Suf. -ly

316 unhappy data 316 Pre. un-

317 calmness data 317 Suf. -ness

318 immediate data 318 Pre. im-

319 wildly data 319 Suf. -ly

320 miserable data 320 Suf. -able

322 incredulously data 322 Suf. -ly

323 alone data 323 Pre. a-

324 cautiously data 324 Suf. -ly

325 irregular data 325 Pre. ir-

326 abound data 326 Pre. a-

327 muddy data 327 Suf. -y

328 prehistoric data 328 Pre. pre-

329 refusal data 329 Suf. -al

330 children data 330 √

331 sold data 331 √

332 peasantry data 332 Suf. -y

333 shone data 333 √

334 spoonful data 334 Suf. -ful

335 meditatively data 335 Suf. -ly

336 silence data 336 Suf. -ence

337 fallen data 337 √

338 literally data 338 Suf. -ly

339 twinkle-bell data 339 √

340 sunshine data 340 √

341 recurrent data 341 Pre. re-

342 unexpected data 342 Pre. un-

343 upstairs data 343 √

344 humiliation data 344 Suf. -ion

345 automatically data 345 Suf. -ly

346 hardly data 346 Suf. -ly

347 inside data 347 Pre. in-

348 breathlessly data 348 Suf. -ly

349 ghostly data 349 Suf. -ly

350 bedroom data 350 √

351 hungrily data 351 Suf. -ly

352 revalue data 352 Pre. re-

353 teeth data 353 √

354 reaction data 354 Pre. re-

355 recover data 355 Pre. re-

356 selection data 356 Suf. -ion

357 season data 357 √

358 disarray data 358 Pre. dis-

359 stormily data 359 Suf. -ly

360 beautiful data 360 Suf. -ful

361 stood data 361 √

362 abruptly data 362 Suf. -ly

363 possibly data 363 Suf. -y

365 indefinite data 365 Pre. in-

366 elderly data 366 Suf. -ly

367 faintly data 367 Suf. -ly

368 defiantly data 368 Suf. -ly

369 apparently data 369 Suf. -ly

370 foamy data 370 Suf. -y

371 satisfactorily data 371 Suf. -ly

372 scanty data 372 Suf. -y

373 decently data 373 Suf. -ly

374 meantime data 374 √

375 goodbye data 375 √

376 bewilderment data 376 Suf. -ment

377 happiness data 377 Suf. -ness

378 freshness data 378 Suf. -ness

379 deathless data 379 Suf. -less

380 intense data 380 Pre. in-

381 reporter data 381 Suf. -er

382 reveal data 382 Pre. re-

383 authority data 383 Suf. -ity

384 contemporary data 384 Pre. con-

385 underground data 385 Suf. under-

386 secretly data 386 Suf. -ly

387 invention data 387 Suf. -ion

388 legally data 388 Suf. -ly

389 torn data 389 √

390 rowboat data 390 √

391 ready _{data 391} Suf. -y

392 shiftless data 392 Suf. -less

393 imagination data 393 Suf. -tion

394 conception data 394 Suf. -ion

395 likely data 395 Suf. -ly

396 faithful data 396 Suf. -ful

397 naturally data 397 Suf. -ly

398 early data 398 Suf. -ly

399 hysterical data 399 Suf. -al

400 absorption data 400 Suf. -tion

401 gaudiness data 401 Suf. -ness

402 drowsiness data 402 Suf. -ness

403 embrace data 403 Pre. em-

404 outlet data 404 √

405 reality data 405 Suf. -ity

407 fairy data 407 Suf. -y

408 led data 408 √

409 dismay data 409 Pre. dis-

410 destiny data 410 Suf. -y

411 physically data 411 Suf. -ly

412 infinite data 412 Pre. in-

413 savoury data 413 Suf. -y

414 newspaper data 414 √

415 weakness data 415 Suf. -ness

416 represent data 416 Pre. re-

417 extravagantly data 417 Suf. -ly

418 personal data 418 Suf. -al

419 remain data 419 Pre. re-

420 secretary data 420 Suf. -ary

421 repose data 421 Pre. re-

422 seaboard data 422 √

423 violence data 423 Suf. -ence

424 device data 424 Pre. de-

425 intact data 425 Pre. in-

426 singularly data 426 Suf. -ly

427 education data 427 Suf. -ion

428 contour data 428 Pre. con-

429 substantiality data 429 Suf. -ity

430 away data 430 Pre. a-

431 association data 431 Suf. -ion

432 affair _{data 432} Pre. a-

433 several data 433 Suf. -al

434 mostly data 434 Suf. -ly

435 horseback data 435 √

436 previously data 436 Suf. -ly

437 profoundly data 437 Suf. -ly

438 uneasy data 438 Pre. un-

439 given data 439 √

440 irresistible data 440 Pre. ir-

441 impulse data 441 Pre. im-

442 introduction data 442 Suf. -tion

443 gruffly data 443 Suf. -ly

444 aggressively data 444 Suf. -ly

445 haughtily data 445 Suf. -ly

446 cordial data 446 Pre. cor-

447 enthusiastically data 447 Suf. -ly

448 questioningly data 448 Suf. -ly

450 aside data 450 Pre. a-

451 exchange data 451 Pre. ex-

452 overcoat data 452 √

453 oppressiveness data 453 Suf. -ness

454 harshness data 454 Suf. -ness

455 grown data 455 √

456 consciousness data 456 Suf. -ness

457 adjustment data 457 Suf. -ment

458 scarcely data 458 Suf. -ly

459 particularly data 459 Suf. -ly

460 unreal data 460 Pre. un-

461 ceremoniously data 461 Suf. -ly

462 hesitation data 462 Suf. -ion

463 pleasantly data 463 Suf. -ly

464 watchfully data 464 Suf. -ly

465 ahead data 465 Pre. a-

466 genially data 466 Suf. -ly

467 tipsy data 467 Suf. -y

468 massive data 468 Suf. -ive

469 spoke data 469 √

470 defence data 470 Pre. de-

471 affirm data 471 Pre. a-

472 violently data 472 Suf. -ly

473 moonlight data 473 √

474 unprecedented data 474 Pre. un-

475 inhabitant data 475 Pre. in-

476 simplicity data 476 Suf. -ity

477 sometime data 477 √

478 dressing-room data 478 √

479 procession data 479 Suf. -ion

480 newly data 480 Suf. -ly

481 husky data 481 Suf. -y

482 rhythmic data 482 Suf. -ic

483 sweetly data 483 Suf. -ly

484 casualness data 484 Suf. -ness

485 possibility data 485 Suf. -ity

486 totally data 486 Suf. -ly

487 incalculable data 487 Pre. in-

488 authentically data 488 Suf. -ly

489 magical data 489 Suf. -al

490 would data 490 √

491 unwavering data 491 Pre. un-

493 devotion data 493 Suf. -ion

494 guest-room data 494 √

495 overhead data 495 √

496 depression data 496 Suf. -ion

497 dismiss data 497 Pre. dis-

498 unimportant data 498 Pre. un-

499 practical data 499 Suf. -al

500 discard data 500 Pre. dis-

501 determinedly data 501 Suf. -ly

502 recover data 502 Pre. re-

503 confuse data 503 Pre. con-

504 disorder data 504 Pre. dis-

505 return data 505 Pre. re-

506 mysterious data 506 Suf. -ous

507 could data 507 √

508 forever data 508 √

509 perishable data 509 Suf. -able

510 incarnation data 510 Pre. in-

511 sentimentality data 511 Suf. -ity

512 sentimental data 512 Suf. -al

513 ignorance data 513 Suf. -ance

514 reluctance data 514 Suf. -ance

515 really data 515 Suf. –ly

516 shortly data 516 Suf. -ly

517 ambitious data 517 Suf. -ous

4.1 Morphological Process found in the novel

After reading and collecting the data from chapter IV until chapter VI in the novel, the writer finds out affixation which consists of prefixes and suffixes, modification, suppletion, and compounding. Nevertheless, the writer did not find any reduplication in this novel. The morphological process would be appropriately described one by one in the following parts based on their own parts.

4.1.1 Affixation

In the novel the writer has found prefixes and suffixes in the selected chapter 4 until chapter 6. The prefixes and suffixes would be appropriately described one by one in the following parts based on its part.

4.1.1.1 Prefix

Prefix is one of the affixation placed in front of a base form (or free morpheme).

4.1.1.1.1 Prefix

a-a- + cross => across (data 134)

a- + ware => aware (data 79)

a- + gain => again (data 218)

a- + lone => alone (data 323)

a- + bound => abound data 326)

a- + sleep => asleep (data 235)

a- + loud => aloud (data 139)

a- + round => around (data 164)

a- + long => along (data 204)

a- + live => alive (data 240)

a- + bout => about (data 20)

a- + way => away (data 430)

a- + side => aside (data 450)

a- + head => ahead (data 465)

a- + range => arr

a- + sure => a

ange (data 244) ss

a- + fair => a

ure (data 181) ffair (data 432)

a- + firm => aff

4.1.1.1.2 Prefix

con-/cor-irm (data 471)

1) con- + sequence => consequence (data 67) 2) con- + temporary => contemporary (data 384) 3) con- + tour => contour (data 428) 4) con- + fusion => confusion (data 315) 5) cor- + dial => cordial (data 446)

4.1.1.1.3 Prefix

de-1) de- + serve => deserve (data 78) 2) de- + light => delight (data 231) 3) de- + vice => device (data 424) 4) de- + fence =.> defence (data 470)

4.1.1.1.4 Prefix

dis-1) dis- + appear => disappear (data 297) 2) dis- + array => disarray (data 358) 3) dis- + integrate => disintegrate (data 13) 4) dis- + concert => disconcert (data 71) 5) dis- + cover => discover (data 147) 6) dis + appoint => disappoint (data 172) 7) dis- + approve => disapprove (data 212) 8) dis- + embody => disembodied (data 254) 9) dis- + may => dismay (data 409)

10) dis- + miss => dismiss (data 497) 11) dis- + card => discard (data 500) 12) dis- + order => disorder (data 504)

4.1.1.1.5 Prefix

en-/em-1) en- + chant => enchant (data 97) 2) en- + joy => enjoy (data 228) 3) en- + gross => engross (data 215) 4) em- + brace => embrace (data 403)

*consonant /n/ changed into /m/ because the base brace begins from /b/ which is a bilabial consonant same as /m/.

4.1.1.1.6 Prefix

mis-1) mis- + take => mistake (data 321) 2) mis- + conception => misconception (data 293)

4.1.1.1.7 Prefix

pre-1) pre- + historic => prehistoric (data 328)

4.1.1.1.8 Prefix

re-1) re- + assure => reassure (data 264) 2) re- + current => recurrent (data 341) 3) re- + value => revalue (data 352) 4) re- + cover => recover (data 355)

5) re- + turn => return (data 505) 6) re- + member => remember (data 24) 7) re- + source => resource (data 147) 8) re- + strain => restrain (data 92) 9) re- + quest => request (data 116) 10) re- + mark => remark (data 170) 11) re- + solve => resolve (data 258) 12) re- + mind => remind (data 274) 13) re- + current => recurrent (data 341) 14) re- + peat => repeat (data 397) 15) re- + action => reaction (data 354) 16) re- + veal => reveal (data 382) 17) re- + present => represent (data 416) 18) re- + main => remain (data 419) 19) re- + pose => repose (data 421)

4.1.1.1.9 Prefix un-:

1) un- + certain => uncertain (data 290) 2) un- + happy => unhappy (data 316) 3) un- + expected => unexpected (data 342) 4) un- + necessary => unnecessary (data 275) 5) un- + define => undefined (data 66) 6) un- + finish => unfinished (data 73) 7) un- + easy => uneasy (data 438) 8) un- + like => unlike (data 253)

9) un- + real => unreal (data 256)

10) un- + precedent => unprecedented (data 474) 11) un- + waver => unwavering (data 491) 12) un- + important => unimportant (data 498) 13) un- + real => unreal (data 460)

4.1.1.1.10 Prefix

under-1) under- + stand => understand (data 168) 2) under- + hand => underhand (data 180) 3) under- + ground => underground (data 385)

4.1.1.1.11 Prefix

in-1) in- + definite => indefinite (data 365) 2) in- + crease => increase (data 298) 3) in- + side => inside (data 347) 4) in- + visible => invisible (data 288) 5) in- + numerable => innumerable (data 277) 6) in- + habitant => inhabitant (data 475) 7) in- + tense => intense (data 380) 8) in- + finite => infinite (data 412) 9) in- + tact => intact (data 425) 10) in- + calculable => incalculable (data 487) 11) in- + carnation => incarnation (data 510)

Prefix in- changes to im- when it is attached to the base form in which started by bilabial consonant /m/ and /p/.

12) in- + mediate => imm 13) in- + patient => i

ediate (data 318) mp

14) in- + pose => i

atient (data 60) mp

15) in- + pulse => i

ose (data 197) mp

16) in- + passion => i

ulse (data 441) mp

Prefix in- changes to ir- when it is attached to the base form in which started by alveolar consonant /r/.

assioned (data 449)

17) in- + regular => irr 18) in- + resistible => i

egular (data 325) rr

The three allomorphs /in-/, /im-/, and /ir-/ of the morpheme in- are in complementary distribution. These allomorphs show what are very common state of affairs that could not be avoided in the analysis. It is due to assimilation that the pronunciation of the nasal in the prefix is adjusted to match the same place of articulation of the first consonant represent the next morpheme.

esistible (data 440)

4.1.1.1.12 Prefix

ex-1) ex- + claim => exclaim (data 171) 2) ex- + change => exchange (data 451) 3) ex- + plain => explain (data 199)

4.1.1.2 Suffix

Suffix is one of the affixation. It is added in the end of a base form (or free morpheme) to modify its meaning or to form a new word with a different meaning. 4.1.1.2.1 Suffix –al/-ial

2) physic + -al => physical (data 38) 3) tropic + -al => tropical (data 310) 4) nation + -al => national (data 105) 5) sentiment + -al => sentimental (data 512) 6) person + -al => personal (data 418) 7) magic + -al => magical (data 489)

Suffix -al changes the form when it is attached to the base form in which has alveolar consonant /s/, /r/, /d/ before vowel /e/ in the end of base form:

8) universe + -al => universal 9) centre + -al => centr

(data 249) al

10) refuse + -al => refus

(data 236) al

11) severe + -al => sever

(data 329) al

12) bride + -al => brid

(data 433) al

13) practice + -al => practi

(data 226) ca

14) confident + -ial => confiden

l (data 499) tial

15) artifice + -ial => artific

(data 268) ial (data 300)

4.1.1.2.2 Suffix -able

1) perish + -able => perishable (data 509) 2) miser + -able => miserable (data 321)

4.1.1.2.3 Suffix –er

1) corn + -er => corner (data 22) 2) import + -er => importer (data 30) 3) promote + -er => promoter (data 31)

4) board + -er => boarder (data 36) 5) laugh + -er => laughter (data 93) 6) strange + -er => stranger (data 118) 7) commission + -er => commissioner (data 131) 8) flick + -er => flicker (data 133)

9) wait + -er => waiter (data 157) 10) long + -er => longer (data 210) 11) office + -er => officer (data 217) 12) report + -er => reporter (data 381)

4.1.1.2.4 Suffix –ence

Suffix -ence changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has alveolar consonant /t/ in the end of base form or word:

1) absent + -ence => absence 2) consequent + -ence => consequ

(data 55) ence 3) present + -ence => pres

(data 67) ence

4) violent + -ence => viol

(data 177) ence

5) silent + -ence => silence (data 336) (data 423)

Suffix -ence changes into -ance when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /t/ in the end of base form or word:

6) significant + -ance => significance (data 364) 7) ignorant + -ance => ignorance

8) reluctant + -ance => reluct

(data 513) ance (data 514)

4.1.1.2.5 Suffix –ful

1) grace + -ful => graceful (data 304) 2) spoon + -ful => spoonful (data 334) 3) cheer + -ful => cheerful (data 137) 4) care + -ful => careful (data 186) 5) scorn + -ful => scornful (data 255) 6) faith + -ful => faithful (data 396)

Suffix -ful changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ into vowel /i/ because it will be between two consonants in the end of base form or word:

7) beauty + -ful => beautiful (data 360)

4.1.1.2.6 Suffix –ion

1) express + -ion => expression (data 492) 2) suggest + -ion => suggestion (data 313) 3) select + -ion => selection (data 356) 4) impress + -ion => impression (data 14) 5) quest + -ion => question (data 77) 6) extinct + -ion => extinction (data 89) 7) direct + -ion => direction (data 205) 8) abstract + -ion => abstraction (data 155) 9) invent + -ion => invention (data 387) 10) concept + -ion => conception (data 394) 11) process + -ion => procession (data 479) 12) depress + -ion => depression (data 496)

Suffix -ion changes the form when it is added to the base form or word in which has vowel /e/ in the end of base form or word:

13) confuse + -ion => confusion 14) humiliate + -ion => humilia

(data 314) tion

15) decorate + -ion => decora

(data 344) tion

16) fascinate + -ion => fascina

(data 102) tion

17) generate + -ion => generation (data 194) (data 107)

18) educate + -ion => education 19) hesitate + -ion => hesita

(data 427) tion

20) devote + -ion => devo

(data 462) tion

21) associate + -ion => association (data 431) (data 493)

4.1.1.2.7 Suffix –ity

1) hospital + -ity => hospitality (data 16) 2) vital + -ity => vitality (data 125) 3) real + -ity => reality (data 405) 4) substantial + -ity => substantiality (data 429) 5) general + -ity => generality (data 15) 6) sentimental + -ity => sentimentality (data 511) 7) author + -ity => authority (data 383)

Suffix -ity changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in which ended with vowel /e/:

8) opportune + -ity => opportunit 9) possible + -ity => possibi

y (data 202) lit

10) simply + -ity => simplicity (data 476) y (data 485)

4.1.1.2.8 Suffix –ize/-ive

1) general + -ize => generalize (data 76) 2) real + -ize => realize (data 219) 3) express + -ive => expressive (data 153) 4) instinct + -ive => instinctive (data 188) 5) abort + -ive => abortive (data 306) 6) mass + -ive => massive (data 468)

Suffix –ize/-ive changes the form when it is added to the base form or word in which has vowel /e/ and consonant /y/ in the end of base form or word:

7) response + -ive => responsive 8) sympathy + -ize => sympath

(data 271) ize

9) monopoly + -ize => monopo

(data 103) lize

10) scrutiny + -ize => scrutin

(data 214) ize (data 284)

4.1.1.2.9 Suffix –less

1) form + -less => formless (data 56) 2) purpose + -less => purposeless (data 241) 3) death + -less => deathless (data 379) 4) shift + -less => shiftless (data 392)

4.1.1.2.10 Suffix –ly 1) hilariously (data 4) 2) peculiarly (data 54) 3) continually (data 58)

4) gradually (data 68) 5) surprisingly (data 75) 6) suddenly (data 82)

mention my name. Or present a green card. I’m giving out green --”

“Look around,” suggested Gatsby.

“I’m looking around. I’m having a marvelous --”

“You must see the faces of many people you’ve heard about.” Tom’s arrogant eyes roamed the crowd.

“We don’t go around very much,” he said. “In fact, I was just thinking I don’t know a soul here.”

“Perhaps you know that lady.” Gatsby indicated a gorgeous, scarcely human orchid of a woman who sat in state under a white plum tree. Tom and Daisy stared, with that peculiarly un- real feeling that accompanies the recognition of a hitherto ghostly celebrity of the movies.

“She’s lovely,” said Daisy.

“The man bending over her is her director.”

He took them ceremoniously from group to group:

“Mrs. Buchanan É and Mr. Buchanan --” After an instant’s hesitation he added: “the polo player.”

“Oh no,” objected Tom quickly, “not me.”

But evidently the sound of it pleased Gatsby, for Tom re- mained “the polo player.” for the rest of the evening.

“I’ve never met so many celebrities!” Daisy exclaimed. “I liked that man - what was his name?- with the sort of blue nose.”

Gatsby identified him, adding that he was a small producer. “Well, I liked him anyhow.”

“I’d a little rather not be the polo player,” said Tom pleas- antly, “I’d rather look at all these famous people in - in oblivion.”

Daisy and Gatsby danced. I remember being surprised by his graceful, conservative fox-trot - I had never seen him dance before. Then they sauntered over to my house and sat on the steps for half an hour, while at her request I remained watch- fully in the garden. “In case there’s a fire or a flood,” she ex- plained, “or any act of God.”

Tom appeared from his oblivion as we were sitting down to supper together. “Do you mind if I eat with some people over here?” he said. “A fellow’s getting off some funny stuff.”

“Go ahead,” answered Daisy genially, “and if you want to take down any addresses here’s my little gold pencil.” É she

looked around after a moment and told me the girl was “com- mon but pretty,” and I knew that except for the half-hour she’d been alone with Gatsby she wasn’t having a good time.

We were at a particularly tipsy table. That was my fault - Gatsby had been called to the phone, and I’d enjoyed these same people only two weeks before. But what had amused me then turned septic on the air now.

“How do you feel, Miss Baedeker?”

The girl addressed was trying, unsuccessfully, to slump against my shoulder. At this inquiry she sat up and opened her eyes.

“Wha’?”

A massive and lethargic woman, who had been urging Daisy to play golf with her at the local club to-morrow, spoke in Miss Baedeker’s defence:

“Oh, she’s all right now. When she’s had five or six cocktails she always starts screaming like that. I tell her she ought to leave it alone.”

“I do leave it alone,” affirmed the accused hollowly.

“We heard you yelling, so I said to Doc Civet here: ÔThere’s somebody that needs your help, Doc.’”

“She’s much obliged, I’m sure,” said another friend, without gratitude. “But you got her dress all wet when you stuck her head in the pool.”

“Anything I hate is to get my head stuck in a pool,” mumbled Miss Baedeker. “They almost drowned me once over in New Jersey.”

“Then you ought to leave it alone,” countered Doctor Civet. “Speak for yourself!” cried Miss Baedeker violently. “Your hand shakes. I wouldn’t let you operate on me!”

It was like that. Almost the last thing I remember was stand- ing with Daisy and watching the moving-picture director and his Star. They were still under the white plum tree and their faces were touching except for a pale, thin ray of moonlight between. It occurred to me that he had been very slowly bend- ing toward her all evening to attain this proximity, and even while I watched I saw him stoop one ultimate degree and kiss at her cheek.

But the rest offended her - and inarguably, because it wasn’t a gesture but an emotion. She was appalled by West Egg, this unprecedented “place.” that Broadway had begotten upon a Long Island fishing village - appalled by its raw vigor that chafed under the old euphemisms and by the too obtrusive fate that herded its inhabitants along a short-cut from nothing to nothing. She saw something awful in the very simplicity she failed to understand.

I sat on the front steps with them while they waited for their car. It was dark here in front; only the bright door sent ten square feet of light volleying out into the soft black morning. Sometimes a shadow moved against a dressing-room blind above, gave way to another shadow, an indefinite procession of shadows, who rouged and powdered in an invisible glass.

“Who is this Gatsby anyhow?” demanded Tom suddenly. “Some big bootlegger?”

“Where’d you hear that?” I inquired.

“I didn’t hear it. I imagined it. A lot of these newly rich people are just big bootleggers, you know.”

“Not Gatsby,” I said shortly.

He was silent for a moment. The pebbles of the drive crunched under his feet.

“Well, he certainly must have strained himself to get this me- nagerie together.”

A breeze stirred the gray haze of Daisy’s fur collar.

“At least they’re more interesting than the people we know,” she said with an effort.

“You didn’t look so interested.” “Well, I was.”

Tom laughed and turned to me.

“Did you notice Daisy’s face when that girl asked her to put her under a cold shower?”

Daisy began to sing with the music in a husky, rhythmic whisper, bringing out a meaning in each word that it had never had before and would never have again. When the melody rose, her voice broke up sweetly, following it, in a way contralto

voices have, and each change tipped out a little of her warm human magic upon the air.

“Lots of people come who haven’t been invited,” she said suddenly. “That girl hadn’t been invited. They simply force their way in and he’s too polite to object.”

“I’d like to know who he is and what he does,” insisted Tom. “And I think I’ll make a point of finding out.”

“I can tell you right now,” she answered. “He owned some drug-stores, a lot of drug-stores. He built them up himself.”

The dilatory limousine came rolling up the drive. “Good night, Nick,” said Daisy.

Her glance left me and sought the lighted top of the steps, where THREE O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING, a neat, sad little waltz of that year, was drifting out the open door. After all, in the very casualness of Gatsby’s party there were romantic pos- sibilities totally absent from her world. What was it up there in the song that seemed to be calling her back inside? What would happen now in the dim, incalculable hours? Perhaps some unbelievable guest would arrive, a person infinitely rare and to be marvelled at, some authentically radiant young girl who with one fresh glance at Gatsby, one moment of magical encounter, would blot out those five years of unwavering devotion.

I stayed late that night, Gatsby asked me to wait until he was free, and I lingered in the garden until the inevitable swimming party had run up, chilled and exalted, from the black beach, until the lights were extinguished in the guest-rooms overhead. When he came down the steps at last the tanned skin was drawn unusually tight on his face, and his eyes were bright and tired.

“She didn’t like it,” he said immediately. “Of course she did.”

“She didn’t like it,” he insisted. “She didn’t have a good time.”

He was silent, and I guessed at his unutterable depression. “I feel far away from her,” he said. “It’s hard to make her understand.”

“You mean about the dance?”

“The dance?” He dismissed all the dances he had given with a snap of his fingers. “Old sport, the dance is unimportant.”

He wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: “I never loved you.” After she had obliterated

four years with that sentence they could decide upon the more practical measures to be taken. One of them was that, after she was free, they were to go back to Louisville and be married from her house - just as if it were five years ago.

“And she doesn’t understand,” he said. “She used to be able to understand. We’d sit for hours --”

He broke off and began to walk up and down a desolate path of fruit rinds and discarded favors and crushed flowers.

“I wouldn’t ask too much of her,” I ventured. “You can’t re- peat the past.”

“Can’t repeat the past?” he cried incredulously. “Why of course you can!”

He looked around him wildly, as if the past were lurking here in the shadow of his house, just out of reach of his hand.

“I’m going to fix everything just the way it was before,” he said, nodding determinedly. “She’ll see.”

He talked a lot about the past, and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. His life had been confused and dis- ordered since then, but if he could once return to a certain starting place and go over it all slowly, he could find out what that thing wasÉ .

É One autumn night, five years before, they had been walk- ing down the street when the leaves were falling, and they came to a place where there were no trees and the sidewalk was white with moonlight. They stopped here and turned to- ward each other. Now it was a cool night with that mysterious excitement in it which comes at the two changes of the year. The quiet lights in the houses were humming out into the dark- ness and there was a stir and bustle among the stars. Out of the corner of his eye Gatsby saw that the blocks of the side- walks really formed a ladder and mounted to a secret place above the trees - he could climb to it, if he climbed alone, and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp down the in- comparable milk of wonder.

His heart beat faster and faster as Daisy’s white face came up to his own. He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God. So he waited, listening for a moment longer to the tuning-fork that

had been struck upon a star. Then he kissed her. At his lips’ touch she blossomed for him like a flower and the incarnation was complete.

Through all he said, even through his appalling sentimental- ity, I was reminded of something - an elusive rhythm, a frag- ment of lost words, that I had heard somewhere a long time ago. For a moment a phrase tried to take shape in my mouth and my lips parted like a dumb man’s, as though there was more struggling upon them than a wisp of startled air. But they made no sound, and what I had almost remembered was un- communicable forever.