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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter is divided into two parts, which are literature review and conceptual framework. Literature review discusses the theories and studies related
to the topic while conceptual framework discusses the relationship of the theories with the study.
A. Literature Review
1. Theory of Writing
a. What is Writing
Oshima and Hogue 1997: 2 define writing as a progressive activity. This means that when we first write something down, we have already been
thinking about what we are going to say and how we are going to say it. Writing is actually one of language skills which is categorized as a productive
one. It is a continuing process of discovering the way to find the most effective language for communicating someone’s feelings and thoughts.
Writing is also a form of communication to express the thinking or feeling through writing after spoken.
Byrne 1984:1 states that writing is the act of forming. Writing is Graphic symbols, that is letter or combination of letter in which relate, to the
sounds when the writers make in speaking in their sense, the symbols have to be arranged according to certain contention to form word and words have to
be arranged to form sentence.
While Bram 1995: 3 also defines that writing is producing or reproducing written massage. It is an active process to organize and formulate
the ideas on the paper. Therefore, before we write, we need to determine what the writer shall have something meaningful to convey.
Another definition of writing is proposed by Celce Murcia 2003. She states that writing is the production of the written word that results in a text
in which must be read and comprehended in order for communication to take place. Writing makes a product in the form of written texts which are used to
deliver the writer ideas and meanings to the reader. In writing, the writer must always use graphic symbols namely letters or
combinations of letters that related to the sound made when speaking. Writing is however not just production of graphic symbols. There is necessity that the
symbols the letter put together to form words, sentences, and paragraphs under certain conventions. Writing is not just to write a single word, nor is it
to write just single sentence. In a sentence, the words must be related to each other, and the paragraph, the sentences must be knitted together Byrne 1988.
By writing activity, a person can find the solution of difficult problem, master the fact even by writing, a person can also communicate through his
way that is impossible through other means. Writing involves large areas including two main cases: linguistic and extra linguistic systems. The former
refers to thing or things to communicate. This means that writing is the act to expressing something through the application of linguistic systems.
So, when writing, there are two problematic areas namely what to write and how to write it, which become two competences for a writer, reference or
knowledge of language and knowledge of reference or language ad thought Brown, 1987:56 or linguistic competence and communicative competence
Litlewood, 1981: 3. It is then understandable that linguistic skills are meant as the ability to manipulate the rules of language usage conventionally, while
extra-linguistic system or knowledge of word refers to what the writer knows about the subject to write.
Writing is complex. In addition to the knowledge of the vocabulary, grammar and syntax, a writer must also have good knowledge of other writing
mechanics such as the use of punctuation such as, capitalization, question mark, commas, and act. These mechanics are used to reveal syntactic
structure Fromkin and Rondman, 1983: 154. Based on some definition above the writer concludes that writing is a way to producing a message into
writing.
b. Micro Skills and Macro skills of Writing
Kategori