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teachers at school; he was on the second year of bilingual primary class of Mondial Education Semarang.
3.3 Procedure of Data Collection
The primary data of this study are children’s conversation. The primary data were taken in a naturalistic way. The data were taken from July 2005 until
August 2005; while the procedure of data collection is the following: 1
Conducting initial classroom observation. I observed the classroom and
break time situation, the students’ behaviour and activity, the teachers and any other adults at MONDIAL Education Semarang. I acted as a complete
observer meaning that I completely removed from the setting when the conversation happened. I took myself outside the setting to avoid the bias of
data. 2
Audio-recording. Audio-recording is a process of getting data by means of
audio-recorder. The audio-recording was done to get data from children’s spoken interaction at MONDIAL Education Semarang using the audio-
recorder. However, due to the limited sophistication of the machines available, the recording used a small recorder with a sensitive built-in
microphone. The recorder was put on the desk in the center of students’ area. To minimize the side effects, the process of recording was designed
systematically so as to be as natural as possible. 3
Interviewing. Interview is an act of listening and asking question to get
some information. This method is strongly influenced by the need to find
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supporting information, especially about the participants. The interview was done with the teacher of second year of MONDIAL Education Semarang.
3.4 Presentation of the Data
The followings are procedure and stages of data presentation: 1
Transcription. This activity involves putting the spokenverbal data into
the written form. In representing the talk in written form, the chats were transcribed in a way that is faithful to the spontaneity and informality of the
talk, but it was also easily accessible to readers not familiar with phonological prosodic symbols. The transcription symbols used here
follow Eggins Slade 1997, which among others are as follows:
a
Full stops . These mark termination whether grammatically complete or not, or certainly, which is usually realized by falling intonation. The
absence of full stop indicates speaker’s incompletion, either through interruption or trailing off.
b Commas , These signal speaker parceling of non-final talk.
c
Question marks ? These are used to indicate questions or to mark uncertainty typically corresponding to rising intonation or WH questions.
d Exclamation marks These mark the expression of counter-expectation
e.g. surprise, shock, or amazement.
e Words in capital letters WOW. These are used to show emphatic
syllables.
f indicates non-transcribable segments of talks.
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g Uncertain words within parentheses indicate uncertain transcription or
the transcriber’s guess.
h Laugh indicates non-verbal behaviour as the speaker is laughing.
i == indicates overlap.
j Turn numbers are shown in Arabic numbers: 1, 2, 3, …
k Clause numbers are shown in lower case roman numerals: i, ii, iii, …
l Move numbers are shown in lower case letters: a, b, c, …
m NV indicates non-verbal move.
n Speakers are indicated by the first letter of their names in capital letters: B
Bella, S Satria, K Ken-ken, Al Albert, An Anthony, T Teacher.
2 Coding Labeling
The data were coded according to the:
a turn and speaker who is taking turn;
b clause the speaker is making in a turn;
c subject in the clause;
d types of mood a speaker is choosing;
e
polarity category of positive or negative;
f adjunct categories of textual, interpersonal, and circumstantial;
g deicticity temporal of primary tense: past, future, present
h modalization and modulation;
i clause category of minor major and complete incomplete;
j
speech function of moves;
k complete clause itself.
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The full presentation of data can be seen in appendix.
3.5 Procedure of Data Analysis and Interpretation
Kategori